Browsing by Author "Baykal, Yahya"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 218

Citation - WoS: 69
Citation - Scopus: 74
Equivalence of Structure Constants in Non-Kolmogorov and Kolmogorov Spectra
(Optical Soc Amer, 2011) Baykal, Yahya; Gercekcioglu, Hamza
We find the equivalence of the structure constants in non-Kolmogorov and Kolmogorov spectra in a turbulent atmosphere. As the reference point, the spherical wave scintillation index in a non-Kolmogorov medium is used. Relations of the structure constants are found to be functions of the power law of the turbulence spectrum and the Fresnel zone. It will be useful to employ the equivalence of the structure constants in making performance comparisons found with non-Kolmogorov and Kolmogorov spectra. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America
Citation - Scopus: 1
Intensity Fluctuations of Incoherently Superposed Gaussian Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2010) Baykal, Yahya
Intensity fluctuations of incoherently superposed Gaussian beams are formulated in weak turbulence by employing the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. Each individual beam superposed is taken to be fully incoherent. The scintillation index evaluated for different number of beams indicates that as the number of beams increase, scintillations decrease. Incoherent superposition of smaller sized Gaussian sources exhibits smaller fluctuations. Comparing the scintillation index arising from incoherently superposed Gaussian beams to the scintillation index of coherently superposed Gaussian beams of the same structure shows that incoherent superposition yields lower intensity fluctuations, thus can be advantageous in atmospheric optical communication links.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Speckle Contrast for Flat-Topped Field Profiles
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Baykal, Yahya
Speckle contrast is evaluated for flat-topped field profiles where the characterization and evaluation of speckle contrast are based on mathematical formulation and theoretical parameter variation. The speckle field which is represented by the random phase shift and the random phase tilt is multiplied by the flat-topped shaped field. The increase in the source size of the flat-topped field first causes the speckle contrast to increase, then reaches saturation. Increase in the variance of the phase shift of a flat-topped field causes an appreciable increase in the speckle contrast. Depending on the diffraction characteristics of the finite sized flat-topped field distribution, upon changing the variance of the phase shift, the speckle contrast exhibits different behavior at short and long propagation distances. However, especially for small variances of phase tilts, the speckle contrast seems to monotonically increase as the propagation distance becomes larger. The effect of the order of flatness on the speckle contrast is small at short propagation distances which can be appreciable at long propagation distances. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
Laser Beam Scintillations of Lidar Operating in Weak Oceanic Turbulence
(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Baykal, Yahya; Gercekcioglu, Hamza
The formulation of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems is derived and examined for the scintillation index, evaluated on-axis, of laser beams in horizontal links in the ocean with weak turbulence by utilizing the Rytov method. These scintillation indices, obtained for the Gaussian beam which is collimated, the limits of plane and spherical waves, are depicted versus the source size, target size, and parameter of the normalized reflector size. It is found that the source size, target size, and normalized reflector size parameter, lessening the scintilla-tion index evaluated on-axis, are approximately 0.44 cm, 56 x 10-4 cm, and 2.2, respectively. Additionally, by using these values that minimize the scintillation index, the variation of the scintillations is shown against the propagation distance, radius of reflector, temperature and salinity fluctuation effects, mean squared temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate per unit mass of fluid at various selected source size and radius of reflector values. (c) 2022 Optica Publishing Group
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Effect of Partial Coherence on Signal-To Ratio Performance of Free Space Optical Communication System in Weak Turbulence
(Elsevier, 2022) Aymelek, Goerkem; Yolcu, Beguem; Kayam, Orkun; Unal, Onur; Caner Gokce, Muhsin; Baykal, Yahya; Akbucak, Volkan
The effect of source coherence on the average signal-to-noise ratio ((SNR)) performance of free space optical communication (FSOC) systems operating in weak atmospheric turbulence is investigated with the help of the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. For an FSOC system that uses a partially coherent laser source, first, the received power at the finite-sized receiver aperture is derived. Then, the power scintillation index is evaluated that reflects the aperture averaging. Using these derived optical entities, the variations of (SNR) are examined versus parameters such as the degree of source coherence, wavelength, link distance, source size, structure constant of atmosphere and the receiver aperture radius. Obtained results show that a decrease in the degree of source coherence has a positive effect on (SNR).
Genişbant Erişim Telekomünikasyon Sistemlerinin Kullanım Kriterleri
Küçükoğlu, Afşin; Baykal, Yahya
Hızla artan bilgisayar ağı ihtiyacını gidermek ve yüksek hızı son kullanıcı noktalarına ulaştırabilmek amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan genişbant erişim sistemlerinin (access systems) teknolojik son durumu incelendi. Herhangi bir erişim uygulamasında kullanılması gereken tercih nedenleri karşılaştırıldı. Bu karşılaştırmayı sistematik olarak yapan internet tabanlı bir yazılım geliştirildi. Yazılımda, sistem kullanıcısının ihtiyacı ve mevcut altyapı faktörleri doğrultusunda hangi erişim sisteminin kullanıcı tarafından tercih edilmesi gerektiği kararına optimum olarak varılabilmesi hedeflendi. Çalışmamız, xDSL (x Digital Subscriber Line) ile Fiber Optic erişimlerini kapsayan kablolu ve LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Services) ile FSO (Free Space Optics) erişimlerini kapsayan kablosuz sistemleri içermektedir. Yazılım tarafından istenilen sorular ihtiyaç doğrultusunda cevaplandırıldığında, tüm sistemler bir ana karşılaştırma tablosunda toplanmakta, sistem maliyetleri de göz önüne alınarak bir karşılaştırma yapılmakta, sonuçta ise teknik ve ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir çözümler ve optimum çözüm önerilmektedir.
Citation - WoS: 106
Citation - Scopus: 114
Effect of Eddy Diffusivity Ratio on Underwater Optical Scintillation Index
(Optical Soc Amer, 2017) Elamassie, Mohammed; Uysal, Murat; Baykal, Yahya; Abdallah, Mohamed; Qaraqe, Khalid
The performance of underwater optical wireless communication systems is severely affected by the turbulence that occurs due to the fluctuations in the index of refraction. Most previous studies assume a simplifying, yet inaccurate, assumption in the turbulence spectrum model that the eddy diffusivity ratio is equal to unity. It is, however, well known that the eddy diffusivities of temperature and salt are different from each other in most underwater environments. In this paper, we obtain a simplified spatial power spectrum model of turbulent fluctuations of the seawater refraction index as an explicit function of eddy diffusivity ratio. Using the derived model, we obtain the scintillation index of optical plane and spherical waves and investigate the effect of the eddy diffusivity ratio. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 67
Influence of Turbulence on the Effective Radius of Curvature of Radial Gaussian Array Beams
(Optical Soc Amer, 2010) Ji, Xiaoling; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
The analytical formula for the effective radius of curvature of radial Gaussian array beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence is derived, where coherent and incoherent beam combinations are considered. The influence of turbulence on the effective radius of curvature of radial Gaussian array beams is studied by using numerical calculation examples. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 5
Performance of M-Ary Pulse Position Modulation for Aeronautical Uplink Communications in an Atmospheric Turbulent Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2019) Baykal, Yahya; Gokce, Muhsin Caner; Ata, Yalcin
This paper discusses the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of an aeronautical uplink optical wireless communication system (OWCS) when a Gaussian beam is employed and the M-ary pulse position modulation technique is used in an atmospheric turbulent medium. Weak turbulence conditions and log-normal distribution are utilized. The Gaussian beam is assumed to propagate on a slant path, the transmitter being ground-based, and the airborne receiver is on-axis positioned. Variations of BER are obtained against the variations in the link length, Gaussian beam source size, zenith angle, wind speed, wavelength, modulation order, data bit rate, equivalent load resistor, avalanche photodetector gain, and detector quantum efficiency. It is observed that the performance of the aeronautical uplink OWCS is affected from atmospheric turbulence significantly. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 19
Citation - Scopus: 19
Off-Axis Beam Intensity in Random Medium
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Baykal, Yahya; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.
The receiver intensity profile of an off-axis-Gaussian beam travelling in random medium is formulated. By examining the related exponential terms of this intensity expression, the rules governing the receiver plane displacements are deduced. Off-axis-Gaussian beam is characterized by introducing into a Gaussian beam, complex displacement parameters that exhibit transverse source coordinate dependent attenuation and phase shifts. Our results are applied to turbulent horizontal links. Intensity plots describing the dependence on the source and propagation parameters both on the source and the receiver planes are provided. Even though the normalized intensities of the off-axis-Gaussian beam having the same source sizes but differing displacements in x- and y-directions may look the same on the source plane, they will differentiate after propagation. The views from the progress of an off-axis-Gaussian beam along the turbulent link length show that a source displaced beam will act according to rules set by related exponential terms. An asymmetrical (ellipsoidal) off-axis-Gaussian beam will initially be converted into symmetric (circular) shape at the intermediate link lengths, then it will start to expand in the other direction, thus reverting to an ellipsoid shape whose major axis is now along the transverse coordinate opposite to that of the source plane. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 23
Scintillations of Higher Order Laser Beams in Anisotropic Atmospheric Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya; Luo, Yujuan; Ji, Xiaoling
The scintillation index of higher order laser beams is examined when such beams propagate in anisotropic atmospheric turbulence. Anisotropy is introduced through non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence. The scintillation index results are obtained by employing the Rytov method solution; thus the results are valid for weak anisotropic atmospheric turbulence and for horizontal links. Variations in the scintillations are shown for various higher order laser modes against the changes in the optical source size, power law exponent of anisotropic non-Kolmogorov spectrum, anisotropic factors, and link length. Our results can be used in the design of optical wireless communication systems used between airplanes. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 3
Ber for Higher Order Laser Modes in Optical Wireless Underwater Communications
(Ieee, 2016) Arpali, Serap Altay; Baykal, Yahya; Arpali, Caglar
Average bit error rate () of an underwater optical communication system is analyzed for higher order laser beams. For this purpose, the effects of oceanic turbulence parameters and link parameters on single mode higher order laser beams are investigated.
Citation - Scopus: 2
Effect of Partial Coherence on Miso Fso Systems
(Ieee, 2015) Baykal, Yahya; Uysal, Murat; Gokce, Muhsin Caner
Multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques are employed in free space optical (FSO) systems to mitigate the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence and therefore the link reliability is improved. In this paper, we consider an incoherent radial array beams and a finite sized slow detector for MISO FSO systems. We have derived the average power and power correlation formulas on the finite sized slow detector using the Huygens Fresnel principle in weak atmospheric turbulence. This helps us to find the system performance, such as power scintillation and aperture averaging factor. Effect of system parameters such as the source size, the ring radius, the degree of coherence, the link distance, the structure constant and the receiver aperture radius are analyzed on the performance of MISO FSO systems.
Citation - WoS: 24
Citation - Scopus: 23
Scintillation Index of Flat-Topped Gaussian Laser Beam in Strongly Turbulent Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2011) Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, Yahya
In a strongly turbulent medium, the scintillation index of flat-topped Gaussian beams is derived and evaluated. In the formulation, unified solution of Rytov method is utilized. Our results correctly reduce to the existing strong turbulence scintillation index of the Gaussian beam, and naturally to spherical and plane wave scintillations. Another checkpoint of our result is the scintillation index of flat-topped Gaussian beams in weak turbulence. Regardless of the order of flatness, scintillations of flat-topped Gaussian beams in strong turbulence are found to be determined mainly by the small-scale effects. For large-sized beams in moderate and strongly turbulent medium, flatter beams exhibit smaller scintillations. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 14
Citation - Scopus: 15
Intensity Correlations of General Type Beam in Weakly Turbulent Atmosphere
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Baykal, Yahya
In weakly turbulent atmosphere, intensity correlations at the receiver plane are formulated for a general type optical beam. Evaluating our formula at the appropriate source parameters versus the diagonal distance, intensity correlations for cos Gaussian, cosh Gaussian, annular and flat-topped Gaussian beams are obtained. As compared to Gaussian beam, intensity correlations are found smaller for cos Gaussian and larger for cosh Gaussian beams. Intensity correlations of cos Gaussian, cosh Gaussian and flat-topped Gaussian beams become larger at large source sizes. Thicker annular beams and flatter flat-topped Gaussian beams show larger intensity correlations. Without generalizing, intensity correlations tend to increase when the link length and the structure constant decrease and the wavelength increases. Our results show that the intensity correlations are not only built up using random medium effects, but also using the diffraction pattern formed at the receiver plane for the specific incidence investigated. As a check point, for all source types and medium parameters, our evaluations indicate that intensity correlations approach zero at sufficiently large diagonal distances. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 1
Intensity Fluctuations of Flat-Topped Beam in Non-Kolmogorov Weak Turbulence: Reply
(Optical Soc Amer, 2012) Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, Yahya
In our recent publication, we have examined the intensity fluctuations of flat-topped beam in non-Kolmogorov weak turbulence [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29, 169 (2012)] in which our comparison of the scintillation indices in the Kolmogorov and in various non-Kolmogorov turbulences was based on the same structure constant, no matter what power law the non-Kolmogorov spectrum takes. In such choice of the fixed structure constant, which is also being used by many researchers in the field [Opt. Express 18, 451 (2010); Proc. SPIE 6747, 67470B (2007); Opt. Commun. 285, 880 (2012)], we have found that the variation of the scintillation index against non-Kolmogorov power law exhibits a peak at the worst power law, which happens to be smaller than the Kolmogorov power law of 11/3. Charnotskii commented [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 29, 1838 (2012)] on our paper. In this paper, in our to reply to Charnotskii's comment, we have re-evaluated the scintillation index of flat-topped beam in non-Kolmogorov weak turbulence by employing our recently reported equivalent structure constant [Opt. Lett. 36, 4554 (2011)] and re-compared the intensity fluctuations in Kolmogorov and in non-Kolmogorov turbulences. As the result of such re-comparison, the worst power law is observed to disappear. c 2012 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 12
Scintillation Index of Higher Order Mode Laser Beams in Strong Turbulence
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Baykal, Yahya
The scintillation index of higher order laser modes is examined in strong atmospheric turbulence. In our formulation, modified Rytov theory is employed with the inclusion of existing modified turbulence spectrum which presents the atmospheric turbulence spectrum as a linear filter having refractive and diffractive spatial frequency cutoffs. Variations of the scintillation index in strong atmospheric turbulence are shown against the weak turbulence plane wave scintillation index for various higher order laser modes of different sizes. Use of higher order modes in optical wireless communication links operating in strongly turbulent atmosphere is found to be advantageous in reducing the scintillation noise.
Citation - WoS: 78
Citation - Scopus: 83
Convergence of General Beams Into Gaussian-Intensity Profiles After Propagation in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2006) Baykal, Yahya; Sermutlu, Emre; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.
It is shown that a general shaped laser beam will eventually approach a Gaussian average intensity profile after propagation in turbulent atmosphere. In our formulation, source field at the exit plane of the laser is taken as the product of arbitrary functions of source transverse coordinates with Gaussian exponential modulations. Following the expansion of the arbitrary functions in terms of Hermite polynomials, the average receiver intensity expression is derived using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the conditions for the intensity profile to assume a Gaussian shape are stated. The results are illustrated by simulating various source field distributions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Editorial: Optical Wave Propagation and Communication in Turbulent Media
(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Baykal, Yahya
Citation - WoS: 10
Citation - Scopus: 10
Cross-Beam Scintillations in Underwater Medium
(Spie-soc Photo-optical instrumentation Engineers, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
The fluctuation in the intensity, which is quantified by the scintillation index, is evaluated for cross beams when such beams propagate in an underwater medium experiencing turbulence. The variations in the scintillation index are investigated against the changes in the size of the cross beams, the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)