Browsing by Author "Cai, Yangjian"

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Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 11
Partially Coherent Off-Axis Gaussian Beam Scintillations
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2010) Baykal, Yahya; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Cai, Yangjian
The scintillation index at the receiver origin is formulated for a partially coherent off-axis Gaussian beam in atmospheric turbulence by employing the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. Our formula correctly reduces to the existing coherent and partially coherent Gaussian beam scintillation indices in the limiting cases. For off-axis Gaussian beams with imaginary, real and complex displacement parameters, the scintillation index reduces when the incidence becomes more incoherent. When the source size of the off-axis Gaussian beam increases, the scintillations increase for partially coherent sources and decrease for incoherent sources, the tendency being observed for imaginary, real and complex displacement parameters. For the fully coherent off-axis Gaussian beams, increase in the source size first causes an increase in the scintillations, eventually reaching saturation at large source sizes, the increase is not monotonic and may exhibit a peak around the Fresnel zone sized off-axis Gaussian sources. For all degrees of partial coherence, off-axis beams possessing imaginary displacement parameters exhibit larger scintillations when the displacement parameter increases for large sized incidences, however, for small sized incidences, scintillations stay at the same level when the imaginary displacement parameter increases, the fixed scintillation value being lower for more incoherent sources. For off-axis Gaussian sources possessing real displacement parameters, this behavior is reciprocal with respect to the source size, i.e. for all degrees of partial coherence, off-axis beams possessing real displacement parameters exhibit larger scintillations when the displacement parameter increases for small sized incidences, and for large sized incidences, scintillations stay at the same level when the real displacement parameter increases, the fixed scintillation value again being lower for more incoherent sources. For all degrees of partial coherence, off-axis Gaussian beams possessing imaginary displacement parameters exhibit larger scintillations than the off-axis Gaussian beams possessing real displacement parameters when the absolute value of displacement parameter increases for large sized incidences.
Citation - WoS: 135
Citation - Scopus: 148
M²-factor of Coherent and Partially Coherent Dark Hollow Beams Propagating in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2009) Yuan, Yangsheng; Cai, Yangjian; Qu, Jun; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Bayka, Yahya; Korotkova, Olga
Analytical formula is derived for the M-2-factor of coherent and partially coherent dark hollow beams (DHB) in turbulent atmosphere based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral and the second-order moments of the Wigner distribution function. Our numerical results show that the M-2-factor of a DHB in turbulent atmosphere increases on propagation, which is much different from its invariant properties in free-space, and is mainly determined by the parameters of the beam and the atmosphere. The relative M-2-factor of a DHB increases slower than that of Gaussian and flat-topped beams on propagation, which means a DHB is less affected by the atmospheric turbulence than Gaussian and flat-topped beams. Furthermore, the relative M-2-factor of a DHB with lower coherence, longer wavelength and larger dark size is less affected by the atmospheric turbulence. Our results will be useful in long-distance free-space optical communications. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 2
Diffraction Properties of Partially Coherent Elegant High-Order Beam
(Electromagnetics Acad, 2010) Eyyuboğlu, Halil Tanyer; Wang, Fei; Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Cai, Yangjian; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği
The diffraction properties of a partially coherent elegant higher-order beam in free space are investigated in detail. It is found that the diffraction properties of a partially coherent elegant higher-order beam upon propagation are closely related to its initial coherence. A partially coherent elegant higher-order beam spreads more slowly than a partially coherent standard higher-order beam, which has potential application in free-space optical communications.
Beam wander of J (0)- and I (0)-Bessel Gaussian beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere
(Springer, 2010) Çil, Celal Zaim; Eyyuboğlu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; Korotkova, Olga; Cai, Yangjian
Root mean square (rms) beam wander of J (0)-Bessel Gaussian and I (0)-Bessel Gaussian beams, normalized by the rms beam wander of the fundamental Gaussian beam, is evaluated in atmospheric turbulence. Our formulation is based on the first and the second statistical moments obtained from the Rytov series. It is found that after propagating in atmospheric turbulence, the collimated J (0)-Bessel Gaussian and the I (0)-Bessel Gaussian beams have smaller rms beam wander than that of the Gaussian beam, regardless of the choice of Bessel width parameter. However, the extent of such an advantage depends on the chosen width parameter, Gaussian source size, propagation distance and the wavelength. Focusing at finite distances of the considered beams causes the rms beam wander to decrease sharply at the propagation distances equal to the focusing parameter
Citation - WoS: 32
Citation - Scopus: 37
Statistical Properties of a Radially Polarized Twisted Gaussian Schell-Model Beam in an Underwater Turbulent Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2017) Peng, Xiaofeng; Liu, Lin; Cai, Yangjian; Baykal, Yahya
Average intensity and the normalized powers of the completely polarized and the completely unpolarized portions of a radially polarized twisted Gaussian Schell-model (TGSM) beam propagating in underwater turbulence are examined. In our formulation, our previously obtained atmospheric turbulence solution for the same radially polarized TGSM beam using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle is utilized, with the inclusion of our recently derived expression for the atmospheric turbulence structure constant in terms of underwater turbulence parameters. Effects of the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, kinematic viscosity, and the contribution of the temperature-to-salinity ratio to the refractive index spectrum on the average intensity, and the normalized powers of the completely polarized and completely unpolarized portions of a radially polarized TGSM beam propagating in underwater turbulence are presented. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 91
Citation - Scopus: 96
Scintillation Index of Elliptical Gaussian Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2007) Cai, Yangjian; Chen, Yuntian; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
A tensor method is used to formulate the on-axis scintillation index for an elliptical Gaussian beam (EGB; astigmatic Gaussian beam) propagating in a weak turbulent atmosphere. Variations of the on-axis scintillation of an EGB are studied. It is interesting to find that the scintillation index of an EGB can be smaller than that of a circular Gaussian beam in a weakly turbulent atmosphere under certain conditions and is closely related to the ratio of the beam waist size along the long axis to that along the short axis of the EGB, the wavelength, and the structure constant of the turbulent atmosphere. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 110
Citation - Scopus: 111
Active Laser Radar Systems With Stochastic Electromagnetic Beams in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optica Publishing Group, 2008) Cai, Yangjian; Korotkova, Olga; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
Propagation of stochastic electromagnetic beams through paraxial ABCD optical systems operating through turbulent atmosphere is investigated with the help of the ABCD matrices and the generalized Huygens-Fresnel integral. In particular, the analytic formula is derived for the cross-spectral density matrix of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model (EGSM) beam. We applied our analysis for the ABCD system with a single lens located on the propagation path, representing, in a particular case, the unfolded double-pass propagation scenario of active laser radar. Through a number of numerical examples we investigated the effect of local turbulence strength and lens' parameters on spectral, coherence and polarization properties of the EGSM beam. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 9
Scintillation Properties of a Truncated Flat-Topped Beam in a Weakly Turbulent Atmosphere
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Liu, Xianlong; Liang, Chunhao; Yuan, Yangsheng; Cai, Yangjian; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.
We derive derive an explicit expression for the scintillation index of a truncated flat-topped (FT) beam in a weakly turbulent atmosphere. Under suitable conditions, the derived formula reduces to the expression for the scintillation index of a FT beam or Gaussian beam without truncation. The scintillation properties of a truncated FT beam in a weakly turbulent atmosphere are illustrated numerically. It is found that the truncation parameter has strong influence on the scintillation properties, and the advantage of a FT beam over a Gaussian beam for reducing the negative influence of turbulence disappears gradually as the truncation parameter decreases. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 53
Citation - Scopus: 58
Average Intensity and Spreading of an Elegant Hermite-Gaussian Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2009) Yuan, Yangsheng; Cai, Yangjian; Qu, Jun; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
The propagation of an elegant Hermite-Gaussian beam (EHGB) in turbulent atmosphere is investigated. Analytical propagation formulae for the average intensity and effective beam size of an EHGB in turbulent atmosphere are derived based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral. The corresponding results of a standard Hermite-Gaussian beam (SHGB) in turbulent atmosphere are also derived for the convenience of comparison. The intensity and spreading properties of EHGBs and SHGBs in turbulent atmosphere are studied numerically and comparatively. It is found that the propagation properties of EHGBs and SHGBs are much different from their properties in free space, and the EHGB and SHGB with higher orders are less affected by the turbulence. What's more, the SHGB spreads more rapidly than the EHGB in turbulent atmosphere under the same conditions. Our results will be useful in long-distance free-space optical communications. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 20
Citation - Scopus: 33
Effect of Beam Types on the Scintillations: a Review
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2009) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Cai, Yangjian; Baykal, Yahya
When different incidences are launched in atmospheric turbulence, it is known that the intensity fluctuations exhibit different characteristics. In this paper we review our work done in the evaluations of the scintillation index of general beam types when such optical beams propagate in horizontal atmospheric links in the weak fluctuations regime. Variation of scintillation indices versus the source and medium parameters are examined for flat-topped-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, annular, elliptical Gaussian, circular (i.e., stigmatic) and elliptical (i.e., astigmatic) dark hollow, lowest order Bessel-Gaussian and laser array beams. For flat-topped-Gaussian beam, scintillation is larger than the single Gaussian beam scintillation, when the source sizes are much less than the Fresnel zone but becomes smaller for source sizes much larger than the Fresnel zone. Cosh-Gaussian beam has lower on-axis scintillations at smaller source sizes and longer propagation distances as compared to Gaussian beams where focusing imposes more reduction on the cosh-Gaussian beam scintillations than that of the Gaussian beam. Intensity fluctuations of a cos-Gaussian beam show favorable behaviour against a Gaussian beam at lower propagation lengths. At longer propagation lengths, annular beam becomes advantageous. In focused cases, the scintillation index of annular beam is lower than the scintillation index of Gaussian and cos-Gaussian beams starting at earlier propagation distances. Cos-Gaussian beams are advantages at relatively large source sizes while the reverse is valid for annular beams. Scintillations of a stigmatic or astigmatic dark hollow beam can be smaller when compared to stigmatic or astigmatic Gaussian, annular and flat-topped beams under conditions that are closely related to the beam parameters. Intensity fluctuation of an elliptical Gaussian beam can also be smaller than a circular Gaussian beam depending on the propagation length and the ratio of the beam waist size along the long axis to that along the short axis (i.e., astigmatism). Comparing against the fundamental Gaussian beam on equal source size and equal power basis, it is observed that the scintillation index of the lowest order Bessel-Gaussian beam is lower at large source sizes and large width parameters. However, for excessively large width parameters and beyond certain propagation lengths, the advantage of the lowest order Bessel-Gaussian beam seems to be lost. Compared to Gaussian beam, laser array beam exhibits less scintillations at long propagation ranges and at some midrange radial displacement parameters. When compared among themselves, laser array beams tend to have reduced scintillations for larger number of beamlets, longer wavelengths, midrange radial displacement parameters, intermediate Gaussian source sizes, larger inner scales and smaller outer scales of turbulence. The number of beamlets used does not seem to be so effective in this improvement of the scintillations.
Citation - WoS: 59
Citation - Scopus: 62
Scintillation of Astigmatic Dark Hollow Beams in Weak Atmospheric Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2008) Cai, Yangjian; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
The scintillation properties of astigmatic dark hollow beams (DHBs) in weak atmospheric turbulence were investigated in detail. An explicit expression for the on-axis scintillation index of an astigmatic DH13 propagating in weak atmospheric turbulence was derived. It was found that the scintillation index value of an astigmatic DH13 with suitable astigmatism (i.e., ratio of the beam waist size in the x direction to that in the y direction), dark size, beam waist size, and wavelength can be smaller than that of a stigmatic DH13 and that of stigmatic and astigmatic flat-topped, annular, and Gaussian beams in weak atmospheric turbulence particularly at long propagation ranges. Our results will be useful in long-distance free-space optical communications. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 114
Citation - Scopus: 118
Average Irradiance and Polarization Properties of a Radially or Azimuthally Polarized Beam in a Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2008) Cai, Yangjian; Lin, Qiang; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
Analytical formulas are derived for the average irradiance and the degree of polarization of a radially or azimuthally polarized doughnut beam (PDB) propagating in a turbulent atmosphere by adopting a beam coherence-polarization matrix. It is found that the radial or azimuthal polarization structure of a radially or azimuthally PDB will be destroyed (i.e., a radially or azimuthally PDB is depolarized and becomes a partially polarized beam) and the doughnut beam spot becomes a circularly Gaussian beam spot during propagation in a turbulent atmosphere. The propagation properties are closely related to the parameters of the beam and the structure constant of the atmospheric turbulence. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 38
Citation - Scopus: 42
Propagation Factor of Partially Coherent Flat-Topped Beam Array in Free Space and Turbulent Atmosphere
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2012) Yuan, Yangsheng; Cai, Yangjian; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; Chen, Jun
Analytical expressions for the propagation factor of partially coherent radial flat-topped (FT) beam array in free-space and turbulent atmosphere are derived. Our formulae can be applied to study the beam propagation factors of partially coherent Gaussian beam, partially coherent FT beam and partially coherent radial Gaussian beam array. The evolution properties of the propagation factors of those beams in turbulent atmosphere are studied numerically and comparatively. From the aspect of the propagation factor, our results show that partially coherent radial FT beam array is less affected by turbulence than partially coherent Gaussian beam, partially coherent FT beam and partially coherent radial Gaussian beam array. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 87
Citation - Scopus: 94
Scintillation Index of a Multi-Gaussian Schell-Model Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Elsevier, 2013) Yuan, Yangsheng; Liu, Xianlong; Wang, Fei; Chen, Yahong; Cai, Yangjian; Qu, Jun; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.
Multi-Gaussian Schell-model (MGSM) beam was introduced recently [Sahin and Korotkova, Opt. Lett. 37 (2012) 2970; Korotkova et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29 (2012) 2159]. In this paper, an explicit expression for the scintillation index of a multi-Gaussian Schell-model (MGSM) beam in weakly or extremely strong turbulent atmosphere is derived with the help of a tensor method. Applying the derived formulae, the scintillation properties of a MGSM beam and a GSM beam in weakly or extremely strong turbulent atmosphere are studied numerically and comparatively. Our results show that a MGSM beam has advantage over a GSM beam for reducing turbulence-induced scintillation, which will be useful for long-distance free-space optical communications. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 21
Citation - Scopus: 25
Paraxial Propagation of a Partially Coherent Flattened Gaussian Beam Through Apertured Abcd Optical Systems
(Elsevier, 2008) Cai, Yangjian; Lue, Xiang; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
By expanding the hard aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, some approximate analytical formulae for the cross-spectral density of a partially coherent flattened Gaussian beam (FGB) propagating through apertured aligned and misaligned ABCD optical systems are derived based on the generalized Collins formula. The results obtained by using the approximate analytical formula are in good agreement with those obtained by using the numerical integral calculation. As a numerical example, the focusing properties (including average irradiance distribution and focal shift) of a partially coherent FGB focused by an apertured thin lens are studied, and it is found that the focusing properties of a partially coherent FGB are closely related to its initial coherence and the aperture width. Our results provide an effective and fast way for studying the paraxial propagation of a partially coherent FGB through apertured ABCD optical systems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 16
Citation - Scopus: 19
Hypergeometric Gaussian Beam and Its Propagation in Turbulence
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Eyyuboglu, Halil Tanyer; Cai, Yangjian
We study propagation characteristics of hypergeometric Gaussian beam in turbulence. In this context, we formulate the receiver plane intensity using extended Huygens-Fresnel integral. From the graphical results, it is seen that, after propagation, hypergeometric Gaussian will in general assume the shape of a dark hollow beam at topological charges other than zero. Increasing values of topological charge will make the beam broader with steeper walls. On the other hand, higher values of hollowness parameter will contract into a narrower shape. Raising the topological charge or the hollowness parameter individually will cause outer rings to appear. Both increased levels of turbulence and longer propagation distances will accelerate the beam evolution and help reach the final Gaussian shape sooner. At lower wavelengths, there will be less beam spreading. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 64
Citation - Scopus: 70
Complex Degree of Coherence for Partially Coherent General Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2007) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; Cai, Yangjian
With the use of the general beam formulation, the modulus of the complex degree of coherence for partially coherent cosh-Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, Gaussian, annular and higher-order Gaussian optical beams is evaluated in atmospheric turbulence. For different propagation lengths in horizontal atmospheric links, the moduli of the complex degree of coherence at the source and receiver planes are examined when reference points are taken on the receiver axis and off-axis. In the on-axis case, it is observed that in propagation, the moduli of the complex degree of coherence are symmetrical and look like the intensity profile of the related coherent beam propagating in a turbulent atmosphere. For all the beams considered, the moduli of the complex degree of coherence profiles turn into Gaussian shapes beyond certain propagation lengths. In the off-axis case, the moduli of complex degree of coherence patterns become drifted at the earlier propagation lengths. Among the beams investigated, the cos-Gaussian beam is found to be almost independent of the changes in the source partial coherence parameter, and the annular beam seems to be affected the most against the variations of the source partial coherence parameter. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 15
Citation - Scopus: 15
Field Correlations of Annular Beams in Extremely Strong Turbulence
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Ji, Xiaoling; Baykal, Yahya; Cai, Yangjian
The field correlations of annular beams are formulated when the atmosphere assumes extremely strong turbulence. Thicker and larger ring sized annular beams are found to exhibit larger absolute field correlations. For the same transverse distance at the receiver plane, annular beams attain larger field correlations if the transverse distance starts from the receiver origin. Comparisons of the annular beam absolute field correlations in extremely strong turbulence with the no turbulence results show that the absolute field correlation variations follow similar trends, except that the magnitudes of the absolute field correlations are much smaller in extremely strong turbulence and the annular fields become decorrelated at very short transverse distances. When the inner scale of turbulence becomes smaller, the absolute field correlations of the annular beams in extremely strong turbulence become smaller. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 96
Citation - Scopus: 101
Twist Phase-Induced Reduction in Scintillation of a Partially Coherent Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2012) Wang, Fei; Cai, Yangjian; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya
The scintillation index of a Gaussian Schell-model beam with twist phase (i.e., twisted GSM beam) in weak turbulent atmosphere is formulated with the help of a tensor method. Variations of the scintillation index of a twisted GSM beam on propagation in turbulent atmosphere are studied in detail. It is interesting to find that the scintillation index of a twisted GSM beam can be smaller than that without twist phase in weak turbulent atmosphere. Thus, modulation of the twist phase of a partially coherent beam provides a new way to reduce turbulence-induced scintillation. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 6
Effect of Spatial Coherence on the Scintillation Properties of a Dark Hollow Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Springer Heidelberg, 2013) Yuan, Yangsheng; Chen, Yahong; Liang, Chunhao; Cai, Yangjian; Baykal, Yahya
With the help of a tensor method, we derive an explicit expression for the on-axis scintillation index of a circular partially coherent dark hollow (DH) beam in weakly turbulent atmosphere. The derived formula can be applied to study the scintillation properties of a partially coherent Gaussian beam and a partially coherent flat-topped (FT) beam. The effect of spatial coherence on the scintillation properties of DH beam, FT beam and Gaussian beam is studied numerically and comparatively. Our results show that the advantage of a DH beam over a FT beam and a Gaussian beam for reducing turbulence-induced scintillation increases particularly at long propagation distances with the decrease of spatial coherence or the increase of the atmospheric turbulence, which will be useful for long-distance free-space optical communications.