Mutlu, Ismail NurullahTogrul, Ergul KisaKazanc, H. Cansin UzgorenKilic, KaanSoysal, Mehmet2026-02-052026-02-0520260030-38870975-0320https://doi.org/10.1007/s12597-025-01082-xhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/15846Mutlu, İsmail Nurullah/0000-0002-6277-7064; Uzgören Kazanç, Hande Cansın/0000-0002-5550-2847; Soysal, Mehmet/0000-0002-1570-660XOver time, catastrophes have increasingly caused significant material and human losses. Effective logistics management in humanitarian aid is crucial to minimizing these impacts. Infrastructure damage from disasters introduces uncertainties that must be considered when routing trucks for relief item delivery. This study proposes a Mixed Integer Programming model for the Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem in Humanitarian Aid Logistics (2E-VRP-HAL) to minimize total travel time. An earthquake scenario in Kartal, Istanbul is used to demonstrate the model's accuracy and applicability while accounting for road closures. A diverse fleet, including trucks and pedestrians, addresses delivery challenges, with handover stations enabling access to unreachable areas. To address larger problem instances, a set partitioning approach is used to cluster demand points, followed by a MIP-based local search heuristic to refine the results. Numerical analysis shows up to 15.83% improvement in medium-sized instances and feasible results for larger cases where the model struggles. These findings highlight the potential of proposed decision support methods.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessHumanitarian LogisticsTwo-Echelon Vehicle Routing ProblemHeterogeneous FleetPorteringLast Mile DistributionMixed Integer Programming (MIP)MIP Based HeuristicArticle10.1007/s12597-025-01082-x2-s2.0-105027921848