Ibrahim, SalisuIsah, AbdulnasirIqbal, MujahidChang, PhangBaleanu, Dumitru2025-05-112025-05-1120250218-12661793-6454https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126625500951https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/9580Ibrahim, Salisu/0000-0002-1467-5426In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the commutativity of fractional-order linear time-varying systems (LTVSs). Commutativity is a fundamental property in the analysis and control of dynamic systems and is often used to simplify the design of controllers. Fractional-order systems, which are characterized by a noninteger-order derivative, have been widely studied in recent years due to their ability to model a wide range of phenomena. However, the commutativity of fractional-order LTVSs has not been widely explored. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the commutativity of fractional-order LTVSs. We first provide a mathematical definition of commutativity for these systems and demonstrate that it is equivalent to the commutativity of their transfer functions. We then propose a method for verifying the general condition for commutativity of fractional-order LTVSs under zero initial conditions (ICs) and prove it mathematically. Based on our findings, we realized that the commutative requirements, properties, theories, and conditions are general for fractional-order LTVSs, please observed that some fractional-order LTVSs are commutative, some are not commutative, while some are commutative under certain conditions. Based on this fact, we can say that not all fractional-order LTVSs are commutative.We apply explicit commutative results to several examples of fractional-order LTVSs. Our theoretical and simulation results show a good agreement and prove that our fractional-order LTVSs are commutative under certain conditions, moreover, the commutativity property holds for certain conditions and classes of fractional-order LTVSs, but not for others. Because of the application of fraction commutativity in various fields of science and engineering, we find it necessary to come up with explicit results for the first time.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessFractional Differential EquationCommutativityPhysical SystemsEquivalent CircuitSignal ProcessingSensitivityAnalog ControlArticle10.1142/S02181266255009512-s2.0-105001076384