Baykal, YahyaGokce, Muhsin CanerAta, YalcinGercekcioglu, Hamza2025-06-052025-06-0520250740-32241520-8540https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.555713https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/10123Baykal, Yahya/0000-0002-4897-0474The Scintillation index of a higher-order laser beam in turbulent biological tissue is formulated and evaluated. Behaviors of the scintillation indices of various higher-order beams against the tissue turbulence parameters of the strength coefficient of the refractive index fluctuations, fractal dimension, characteristic length of heterogeneity, small length-scale factor, and the source size, tissue length, and wavelength are examined. Fluctuations in the intensity are also investigated when various types of tissues, such as the intestinal epithelium (mouse), liver parenchyma (mouse), and upper dermis (human), are excited by different higher-order laser beams. (c) 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessArticle42492292610.1364/JOSAB.5557132-s2.0-105001937205WOS:001459721700007Q3Q2