Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü Yayın Koleksiyonu

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Citation Count: Gökmen, A. (2014). "A theoretical study on the concept of risk in enterprises, dynamics of risk in international business, investing in Turkey & evaluation of macro risks abstract", Ege Akademik Bakış, Vol.14, No.2, pp.175-187.
A theoretical study on the concept of risk in enterprises, dynamics of risk in international business, investing in Turkey & evaluation of macro risks abstract
(2014) Gökmen, Aytaç; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Risk yönetimi, uluslararası işletmecilikte her zaman öneme sahip olmuştur. Bu kavram, en yalın tanımı ile işletmenin karşılaşabileceği belirsizliklerin bertaraf edilmesidir. Bununla beraber, hem içerden, hem de dışardan kaynaklanabilecek belirsizlikleri içerir. Dahası, risk yönetimi, politik, kültürel, finansal ve ekonomik risklerin hem işletme içi, hem de işletme dışı kaynaklar açısından değerlendirilmesini kapsar. Türkiye Avrasya’nın kesişme noktasında önemli bir ülkedir. Birçok pazara yakın ve gelecek vaat etmektedir. Ancak, pek çok ekonomik etkenden dolayı önemli derecede belirsizliğe maruzdur. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise, risk ve risk yönetimini kuramsal anlamda ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklara dayanarak incelemek ve de durumu Türkiye açısında değerlendirip, çeşitli önerilerde bulunmaktır.
Citation Count: Ruhlusaraç, Murat; Nakip, M. (2016). "Akademisyenlerin Otomobil Alım Tercihlerini Etkileyen Faktörler", Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol.1, No.1, pp.100-111.
Akademisyenlerin Otomobil Alım Tercihlerini Etkileyen Faktörler
(2016-08) Ruhlusaraç, Murat; Nakip, Mahir; 118963; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Besides providing people's daily transportation, cars also meet the psychological needs and the corporeal needs such as recreation, entertainment and trip. Academicians on the other side constitute a part of the society taken as a role model to pursue with interest whose ideas wondered. Therefore, this study investigates the existence of relationship between the purchase and use of cars which is an indispensable product due to demographic structures of academicians. Academicians are given a questionnaire according to demographics such as age, gender, income level and by the psychological factors such as the personality and learning-related features as well. The research questionnaire consisting of 2 pages was applied on 135 academicians who work in schools on different social and science areas. Applied survey data is processed with SPSS 20.0 and discriminant analysis was made to a number of hypotheses and then Wilks' Lambda test control is conducted. As a result, at the level of 5% significance, it was found that there exists difference between gender and monthly income with the preferred automobile brand they find attractive and difference between age and monthly income with frequences of car purchase. In this case, the monthly income among the demographic factors that affects the choice of buying a car is very effective, and age and gender are among the other influential factors.
Citation Count: Temiz, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç, "An analysis of the export and economic growth in Turkey over the period of 1950-2009", Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, No. 5, pp. 123-141, (2010).
An analysis of the export and economic growth in Turkey over the period of 1950-2009
(2010) Gökmen, Aytaç; Temiz, Dilek; 52039; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Bu ampirik çalısma, Türk ekonomisinde 1950-2009 dönemindeki reel ihracat ve reel GSYİH ile ifade edilen büyüme arasındaki iliskiyi, senelik zaman serisi verileri kullanarak incelemektedir. Çalısmanın çözümlemesinde bir dizi ekonometrik yöntem kullanılmaktadır: ADF birim kök sınaması, Johansen esbütünlesme sınaması, vektör hata düzeltme modeli (VECM) ve Granger nedensellik sınaması. Bu çalısmanın sonuçları bütün değiskenlerin ilk farklarında durağan olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak Johansen esbütünlesme sınaması iki değisken arasında uzun dönemde iliski olduğunu göstermektedir. Granger nedensellik sınaması, ekonomik büyümeden reel ihracata doğru tek yönlü nedenselliği göstermektedir. Nedensellik sonuçları, vektör hata düzeltme modelinin (VECM) gösterdiği sonuçlarla uyumludur. Reel ihracat ve ekonomik büyüme arasında hem uzun dönemde, hem de kısa dönemde nedensellik iliskisi vardır. Bu nedenselliğin yönü ise ekonomik büy ümeden (reel GSYİH) ihracata doğrudur.
Citation Count: Nakip, M., Aytaç, G. (2017). An empirical survey of consumer ethnocentrism in Kazakhstan and the preference of consumers on imported products. Bilig, 82, 65-90.
An empirical survey of consumer ethnocentrism in Kazakhstan and the preference of consumers on imported products
(Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi, 2017-07) Nakip, Mahir; Gökmen, Aytaç; 118963; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
The reality of globalization declines the frontiers for cross border international trade and investments as well as functions as a means to converge the consumer needs and expectations on a global base. The convergence of the expectations of consumers is considerably beneficial for international businesses in their international marketing activities. However, this issue does not realize in every country or regional market. Yet, consumer ethnocentrism is a profound obstacle for international businesses which emphasis nationalistic sentiments, pride and the rejection of any product or idea that is made in another country without any rationale reasoning. Thus, this study is aimed at researching the subject of consumer ethnocentrism in the Central Asian Turkish Republic of Kazakhstan. The results indicate that there is not a strong relation between ethnocentric perceptions and product necessity in Kazakhstan. Also, sub-dimensions of ethnocentrism have different correlation levels with each imported products. In addition, religious and moral values are not effective factors in explaining the variation in imported products
Citation Count: Gökmen, Aytaç; Nakip, Mahir, "At the convergence of energy corridors: energy situation in Turkey and a critical evaluation with Porter's model", Transcontinental Strategies For Industrial Development And Economic Growth, pp.146-160, (2017).
At the convergence of energy corridors: energy situation in Turkey and a critical evaluation with Porter's model
(IGI Global, 2017) Gökmen, Aytaç; Nakip, Mahir; 17660; 118963; ÇAnkaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Turkey is at the threshold of Eurasia connecting various energy corridors. It has an improving economic volume and is one of the 20 largest economies in the world. Energy and economic development are highly correlated. Turkey is dependent on imported energy. In order to keep up with the economic expansion, the energy requirements of Turkey must be met in a diversified, timely and reliable way. Thus, the aim of this paper is to define the geographic disposition of Turkey at the convergence of energy lines, review its energy situation comprehensively and make critical evaluations on energy and economy related issues, also with using the diamond model developed by Michael E. Porter resting on credible national and international publications and data.
Citation Count: Gönenç, H., Kan, Ö.B., Karadağlı, E.C. (2007). Business groups and internal capital markets. Emerging Markets Finance And Trade, 43(2), 63-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X430204
Business groups and internal capital markets
(Taylor&Francis INC, 2007-04) Gönenç, Halit; Kan, Özgür B.; Karadağlı, Ece Ceylan; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret
We compare the performance of firms affiliated with diversified business groups with the performance of unaffiliated firms in Turkey, all emerging market. We address the question of whether group-affiliated firms create internal capital markets or control large cash flows. Our findings indicate that group affiliation improves a firm accounting performance, but not stock market performance. Deviation of cash-flow rights front voting rights has a negative but insignificant effect on accounting performance, but a significant effect on market performance. We also find that a firm's accounting, but not stock market, performance increases with the level of group diversification. Our results show that internal capital markets play an important role for the existence of business groups in all emerging market context
Citation Count: Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad, "Cointegration, causality and the transmission of shocks across wheat market in Pakistan", Quality&Quantity, Vol.43, No.2, pp.305-315, (2009).
Cointegration, causality and the transmission of shocks across wheat market in Pakistan
(Springer, 2009-03) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Çankaya Üniversitesi,İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi,Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
This paper uses quarterly price data and examines the transmission of shocks across different spatially separated locations besides identifying causality among these locations. Johansen and Juselius's (Econ. Stat., 52, 160-210, 1990) multivariate cointegration procedure identified two cointegrating vectors among these locations. Following Toda and Yamamoto (J. Econom., 66, 225-250, 1995), causality tests showed only one bi-directional causality and it was between Peshawar and Hyderabad locations. Faisalabad and Sargodha appeared independent (i.e. exogenous) market locations in price discovery process. Peshawar market showed maximum (i.e. 5) number of significant links. The generalized impulse response functions, though, suggested similar (cyclical) pattern of responses across the markets, but their time profile, which provides insight into the system's speed of convergence to long run equilibrium path, varied with different level of extent and persistency. Responses to shock originating in consumption markets (i.e. Karachi, Peshawar and Lahore) remained short lived; whereas the shocks stemming from surplus wheat producing locations (i.e Multan, Sargodha and Faisalabad) produced long and more persistent responses.
Citation Count: Klasra, M.A.; Fidan, H.,"Competitiveness of Major Exporting Countries and Turkey in the World Fishery Market: A Constant Market Share Analysis",Aquaculture Economics and Management, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 317-330, (2005).
Competitiveness of Major Exporting Countries and Turkey in the World Fishery Market: A Constant Market Share Analysis
(2005) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Fidan, Halil; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret
The purpose of this study is to examine whether and to what extent the shares of selected countries' fishery exports in the world markets reflect their international competitiveness. The Constant Market Share (CMS) model, which decomposes export growth into some broad components (i.e., structural effects, market effects, commodity effects and competitive effects), is applied to examine this issue. The results of decomposition analysis revealed that structural factors have been more significant in explaining the growth of exports. The growth effects, though, appeared positive for each country, the exports of open economies like Canada, the United States, Iceland and Turkey benefited more from the growth of world exports. The analysis of commodity composition and market effects suggests that countries like Canada, the United States, Iceland and Turkey were pursuing the product differentiation policy and were penetrating in those markets, which have been growing relatively faster. These countries remained committed throughout the sample period (i.e., 1980-2000) to export their diversified products in fast-growing markets. The analysis of competitiveness effects, which are derived as a residual, show that Norway, Spain, the United States, Indonesia, Thailand, sChile and China were strong fishery exporters and increased their competitiveness during the sample period.
Citation Count: Doğru, Çağlar. "Handbook of Research on Contemporary Approaches in Management and Organizational Strategy", 1. Basım, ABD: IGI Global, (2019).
Contemporary Change Management and Leadership in Local and International Businesses
(IGI Global, 2019) Gökmen, Aytaç; Doğru, Çağlar; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Citation Count: Alasafi, L.; Göksu, T.; Albayati, A., "Copyright Protection By Robust Digital Image Watermarking in Unsecured Communication Channels", Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 234-249, (2017).
Copyright Protection By Robust Digital Image Watermarking in Unsecured Communication Channels
(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2017-01) Alasafi, Layth; Göksu, Tuna; Albayati, Ammar; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret
The transition from analog technologies to digital technologies has increased the ever-growing concern for protection and authentication of digital content and data. Owners of digital content of any type are seeking and exploring new technologies for the protection of copyrighted multimedia content. Multimedia protection has become an issue in recent years, and to deal with this issue, researchers are continuously searching for and exploring new effective and efficient technologies. This thesis study has been prepared in order to increase the invisibility and durability of invisible watermarking by using the multilayer Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in the frequency plane and embedding two marks into an image for the purpose of authentication and copyright when digital content travels through an unsecured channel. A novel watermarking algorithm has been proposed based on five active positions and on using two marks. In addition to the extraction process, watermarking images will be subjected to a set of attack tests. The evaluation criteria have been the bases of assessing the value of SNR, PNSR, MAE and RMSE for both the watermarking images and the watermarking images after attacks, followed by the invisibility of the watermarking being measured before and after the attacks. Our lab results show high robustness and high quality images obtaining value for both SNR and PNSR.
Citation Count: Özşuca Erenoğlu, Ekin Ayşe. "Credit Dynamics in Turkey: An Insight Bank Loans Tendency Survey", Current Debates on Social Sciences Human Studies 1, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, pp. 222-231, 2018.
Credit Dynamics in Turkey: An Insight Bank Loans Tendency Survey
(Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2018) Özşuca Erenoğlu, Ekin Ayşe; Karacagil, Zeynel; Anaz, Efecan; 237965; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Citation Count: Gökmen, Aytaç. Culture, cross-cultural communication, and international business communication in the global context: A critical approach, in Smart Strategies and Societal Solutions for Sustainable International Business, pp. 52-63.
Culture, cross-cultural communication, and international business communication in the global context: A critical approach
(2023-11-17) Gökmen, Aytaç; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
International business communication concerns the reconciliation of businesses and products which strive to embrace both the private and government sectors of numerous countries to conduct business transactions. Yet, inter-cultural communication is used when delivering different messages among different societies while doing international business. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to define the concepts of culture, international business communication and inter-cultural communication as well as integrate them on a global scale.
Citation Count: Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç. Digital economy: The correlation between digital technology and economic growth-an emperical application, in Promoting Sustainable Management Through Technological Innovation, pp. 87-99, 2023.
Digital economy: The correlation between digital technology and economic growth-an emperical application
(2023-10-06) Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç; 52039; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
The aim of this study is to explain the concept of digital economy and to examine the effect of digital technology on economic growth. In the study, the causality relationship between digital technology and economic growth in the Turkish economy for the period 2004-2021 was investigated with the Toda-Yamamoto test. As a result of the study, according to 10% significance level, bidirectional causality between internet usage-economic growth, computer usage-economic growth, and one-way causality between mobile line usage and economic growth from mobile line usage to economic growth was determined. No causal relationship was found between website ownership and economic growth in enterprises. According to the 5% significance level, a one-way causality relationship was determined from only computer and internet use to economic growth. © 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved.
Citation Count: Yazıcı, Mehmet (2006). "Does the incomplete information matter with export quotas?", Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 1935-1938.
Does the incomplete information matter with export quotas?
(2006-08-05) Yazıcı, Mehmet; 144084; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
This study investigates whether or not incomplete information matters when the government adopts the export quotas in intervening in the oligopolistic export markets. Incomplete information the government has is about the unit-production cost of the domestic firm. It is shown first that quotas optimal under full information (full-information policy) result in Stackelberg outcome, the best outcome in a non-cooperative setting from the domestic firm's point of view. When the full-information policy is implemented in the presence of incomplete information, it is found that no cost-type has an incentive to misrepresent itself as the other type. This means that full-information outcome will be achieved with incomplete information. Hence, incomplete information does not matter in the case of export quotas. This result, however, does not carry over to the case of more than one domestic firm.
Citation Count: Klasra, M.A., Kıral, T. (2006). Dynamics of wheat prices in the wake of market reforms: the case of Pakistan. Qality&Quantity, 40(2), 207-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-5358-x
Dynamics of wheat prices in the wake of market reforms: the case of Pakistan
(Springer, 2006-04) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Kıral, Taner; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret
Using Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARCH) method, this paper examines the effects of market reforms on the distribution of real mean prices and their variability before and after reforms. It is found that market-oriented reforms benefited producers and consumers alike. Empirical evidences, generally, support theoretical assertion that mean prices decline in most urban areas and increase in those markets that are located in surplus producing areas. The results also showed that market reforms lead to more price volatility
Citation Count: Temiz, Dilek. "Enflasyonun Toplam Otomobil Üretimi Üzerine Etkisi Türkiye Örneği", 18. İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu, 2009.
Enflasyonun Toplam Otomobil Üretimi Üzerine Etkisi Türkiye Örneği
(2009) Temiz, Dilek; 52039; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Citation Count: Temiz Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen Aytaç (2019). "Export-led economic growth and the case of Brazil: An empirical research", Journal of Transnational Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 122-141.
Export-led economic growth and the case of Brazil: An empirical research
(2019-04-03) Temiz Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç; 52039; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
The world has been globalized much more than ever before and this process integrates the economies of countries. Moreover, one means of integrating the economies of countries is trade. In this instance, the export-led economic growth emerges as a considerable determinant. Export-led economic growth is beneficial for the countries since it facilitates the inflow of foreign exchange, increases production, creates new employment opportunities and enhances the overall commercial volume. In this study, the correlation between export-led economic growth is explored for Brazil. Therefore, according to the findings of this paper as well as econometric and statistical applications, there is a bi-directional causality in Brazil since 1960s between economic development and exports in the long-run (this could also be termed as feedback); furthermore, in the short-run, there is export-led economic growth. The novelty of this paper is that, it is one of the latest studies investigating export-led economic growth for Brazil. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Citation Count: Temiz, D., Gökmen, A. (2014). FDI inflow as an international business operation by MNCs and economic growth: an empirical study on Turkey. International Business Review, 23(1), 145-154. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.03.003
FDI inflow as an international business operation by MNCs and economic growth: an empirical study on Turkey
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014-02) Temiz, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç; 52039; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
The issue of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been affecting the world economy for years and is a considerable subject for both developed and developing countries. FDI is the fixed form of international business operation made across the national borders made mostly by the multi national corporations (MNCs). The positive impact of FDI inflow in a host country is expected to emerge as capital accumulation, technology transfer, know-how acquisition, innovative capacity and economic growth eventually. In this study, it is aimed to address the FDI literature depending on comprehensive international publications and then to analyze the FDI inflow and GDP growth in Turkey with econometric methods. The relation between FDI inflow and GDP growth is analyzed by using the Johansen cointegration test and Granger causality analysis. Afterwards, a regression equation is estimated by using the ordinary least squares method (OLS). Prior to applying the Cointegration test, the stationarity and integration degrees of the series are determined by the augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF). Consequently, resting on the results of entire analysis, it is possible to mention that no significant relation is determined between the FDI inflow and GDP growth in Turkey both in the short and long run
Citation Count: Nakip, M., Gökmen, A., Mohammed, S.A. (2017). Financial market segmentation: an application on islamic financial markets. Journal Applied Economic&Business Research, 7(4), 258-275.
Financial market segmentation: an application on islamic financial markets
(Journal Applied Economic&Business Research, 2017) Nakip, Mahir; Gökmen, Aytaç; Mohammed, Salah Awad; 118963; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü
Muslim world comprises of a considerable part of the earth's population and there are many Muslim states in the world. People who adopted the Islam religion have a distinctive understanding of life based on Al-Quran, Hadith and Sharia. Therefore, all the deeds of Muslims must be in accordance with the way of Islam and Sharia. Finance is an issue in which Sharia prevails. According to the principles of Sharia, conventional financial applications are not proper for Muslims. Therefore, certain financial instruments and regulations are implemented to comply with the rulings of Islam and Sharia. Moreover, the aim of this study is to analyze the financial markets in Muslim countries resting on dependable international resources such as macro economical and financial indicators, and segmenting them by using statistical methods as Cluster and Discriminant analysis. As a result, it is concluded that financial markets in Muslim countries can be segmented by using certain financial indicators. Yet, financial markets in Muslim countries cannot be segmented by using certain economic indicators but, these indicators can be used to discriminate the financial market segments.
Citation Count: Temiz Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç (2019). "Foreign Direct Investment & Its Correlation to Economics: The case of Brazil", Journal of Transnational Management, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 323-342.
Foreign Direct Investment & Its Correlation to Economics: The case of Brazil
(2019) Temiz Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç; 52039; 17660; Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler
Capital accumulation is the first and foremost important factor to induce economic growth and development in a country. Yet, not every country in the world is bestowed with abundant capital. Thus, in this instance foreign direct investment (FDI) emerges as a good option to supply the necessary amount of capital to countries which are deprived of the necessary capital stock. Moreover, FDI, besides being a catalyst of economic development, is a significant means of transferring technology, knowledge, managerial know-how and constitutes new potentials to create employment opportunities, increase the production volume and enhance the foreign trade balance. Furthermore, the impact of FDI inflow on the economic growth is researched in this paper for Brazil by means of utilizing various econometric methods for the period of 1970–2017. According to the results of this study there is no positive causality between economic growth and FDI inflow in the short-run. Yet, there is a positive and significant causality between FDI inflow and economic growth in the long-run as well as this stems from the fact that investments lead to positive results gradually in the long-term which also means that investments shall be converted into production as much as possible. Moreover, the novelty of this paper is that it is one of the most up-to-date studies to research FDI – economic growth correlation on Brazil in the literature.

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