Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü

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Citation - WoS: 0
Citation - Scopus: 0
A case study on web-based information system evaluation
(Acad Conferences Ltd, 2014) Tokdemir, Gul; Tokdemir, Gül; Bilgen, Semih; Ercil, Yavuz; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
A new framework is proposed to assess web-based information systems (WISs) which is domain-independent, that is, can be applied for profit seeking as well as service oriented or non-profit seeking organizations. Assessment starts from an identification of the critical success factors (CSF) that outline organizational strategies, and proceeds to determine the measures of three categories of relationships: User-WIS, Other systems-WIS, Organization-WIS. These measures and CSF's are evaluated collectively to arrive at an effectiveness measure. A case study illustrating the applicability of the assessment framework in the e-business domain is presented.
Citation - Scopus: 0
A Mobile Application Flow Representation for Mutual Understanding of It and Healthcare Professionals
(2013) Erturan, Y.N.; Tokdemir, Gül; Bilgen, S.; Tokdemir, G.; Cagiltay, N.E.; Yildiz, E.; Özcebe, E.; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Ever since mobile applications were developed and became popular, they have started to take part in almost every field of our lives. Healthcare is one of the most popular fields that mobile applications have become a part of. However, development of mobile healthcare applications requires an inter-disciplinary work on which people from different domains should communicate. To do so efficiently, mobile application instructions should be provided as clearly as possible so that mutual understanding can be achieved. This study, aims to provide a methodology to provide the common grounds for healthcare and IT specialists so that to improve the satisfaction level of all the stakeholders of the system from the provided IT services and the end-user interfaces. In other words, by providing a better communication medium for the stakeholders during the design phase, we believe that software development process will be improved, so do their satisfaction from the developed system. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.
Citation - Scopus: 24
A Serious Game for Speech Disorder Children Therapy
(2012) Tokdemir, Gül; Cagatay, M.; Ege, P.; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Tokdemir, G.; Cagiltay, N.E.; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; Yazılım Mühendisliği
Today meaning of games is much more serious than just considering them as an entertainment and free-time activity. Games have begun to be used in many different areas such as education, healthcare, military, corporate management and public policy for different purposes. Several benefits of serious games have been reported in the literature. Studies also show that with a combination of entertainment and education (edutainment) several benefits could be achieved in the rehabilitation process of the disordered individuals. This study reports the advantages of 3D game environments for speech and language therapy of children and benefits of making the treatment process accessible from anywhere and anytime are demonstrated. © 2012 IEEE.
Citation - Scopus: 4
Abstract Conceptual Database Model Approach
(2013) Çağıltay, Nergiz; Çaĝiltay, N.E.; Topalli, D.; Tokdemir, Gül; Aykaç, Y.E.; Tokdemir, G.; 17411; Yazılım Mühendisliği; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
One of the main objectives of the software engineers is to provide software related solutions for social problems and to increase the availability of social welfare. In that sense, the quality of the software is directly related to address the users' needs and their level of satisfaction. To reflect user requirements to the software processes, the correct design of the database model provides a critical stage during software development. Database design is a fundamental tool for modeling all the requirements related to users' data. The possible faulty conditions in database design have adverse effects on all of the software development processes. The possible faulty conditions can also cause continuous changes in the software and the desired functionality of the targeted system which may result in user dissatisfaction. In this context, reflecting the user requirements accurately in the database model and understanding of the database model correctly by every person involved in the software development process is the factor that directly affects the success of software systems' development. In this study, a two-stage conceptual data modeling approach is proposed to reduce the level of complexity, to improve the understandability of database models and to improve the quality of the software. This study first describes the proposed two-stage conceptual data modeling. Than the proposed method's impact on software engineers' comprehension is also investigated and the results are compared with the degree of complexity of the related conceptual data models. Results of this study show that, the proposed two-stage conceptual modeling approach improves the understanding levels of software engineers and eliminated possible defects in this stage. © 2013 The Science and Information Organization.
Citation - WoS: 180
Citation - Scopus: 264
Adoption of e-government services in Turkey
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Kurfali, Murathan; Tokdemir, Gül; Arifoglu, Ali; Tokdemir, Gul; Pacin, Yudum; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
This research aims to investigate underlying factors that play role in citizens' decision to use e-government services in Turkey. UTAUT model which was enriched by introducing Trust of internet and Trust of government factors is used in the study. The model is evaluated through a survey conducted with Turkish citizens who are from different regions of the country. A total of 529 answers collected through purposive sampling and the responses were evaluated with the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) technique. According to the results, Performance expectancy, Social influence, Facilitating conditions and Trust of Internet were found to have a positive effect on behavioral intention to use e-government services. Additionally, both Trust factors were found to have a positive influence on Performance expectancy of e-government services, a relation which, to our best knowledge, hasn't been tested before in e-government context. Effect of Effort expectancy and Trust of government were found insignificant on behavioral intention. We believe that the findings of this study will guide professionals and policy makers in improving and popularizing e-government services by revealing the citizen's priorities regarding e-government services in Turkey. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An Experimental Study on Decomposition: Process First or Structure First?
(2019) Tokdemir, Gül; Suloğlu, Selma; Kaya, M. Çağrı; Karamanlıoğlu, Alper; Tokdemir, Gül; Doğru, Ali H.; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
This article explores the answer to the question of considering the process or the structure dimensions earlier, in software development where decomposition is a preferred technique for top-down model construction. In this research, an experimental study was conducted to observe which software modeling practice is more convenient: process or structural modeling, for the beginning. The study was conducted in different courses that include software modeling where students work within groups to model a system with predefined requirements. The students used Business Process Modeling Notation and Component-Oriented Software Engineering Modeling Language modeling tools. Observations based on the results are analyzed and discussed. The results seem to prioritize the process dimension.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 1
An Experimental Study On Decomposition: Process First or Structure First?
(Springer international Publishing Ag, 2019) Cetinkaya, Anil; Tokdemir, Gül; Suloglu, Selma; Kaya, M. Cagri; Karamanlioglu, Alper; Tokdemir, Gul; Dogru, Ali H.; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
This article explores the answer to the question of considering the process or the structure dimensions earlier, in software development where decomposition is a preferred technique for top-down model construction. In this research, an experimental study was conducted to observe which software modeling practice is more convenient: process or structural modeling, for the beginning. The study was conducted in different courses that include software modeling where students work within groups to model a system with predefined requirements. The students used Business Process Modeling Notation and Component-Oriented Software Engineering Modeling Language modeling tools. Observations based on the results are analyzed and discussed. The results seem to prioritize the process dimension.
Citation - Scopus: 4
Analysis of B2C Mobile Application Characteristics and Quality Factors Based On Iso 25010 Quality Model
(Springer Verlag, 2014) Tokdemir, Gül; Yildiz, E.; Bilgen, S.; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Tokdemir, G.; Cagiltay, N.E.; Erturan, Y.N.; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; Yazılım Mühendisliği
The number of mobile applications in mobile market has rapidly increased as new technology and new devices are emerging at remarkable speed which shows mobile applications have an important role in every field of our life. Among those, even some of the mobile applications have a long time life as end-users use those effectively, some of them fail to do so that prevents the companies to reach from their aim. The main reason of that problem results from the quality of the mobile applications. Although there are some methods and metrics to analyze the quality of mobile applications, they have lack of criteria since they are mostly based on ISO 9126 quality model factors which are invalid anymore. This study aims to analyze both mobile commerce applications' characteristics and quality factors and sub-factors based on ISO 25010 product quality model. Accordingly a quality model is proposed by analysis performed by a group of experts from the mobile software development area. The results of this study aims to help developing more qualified and effective mobile applications from developer perspective. © 2014 Springer International Publishing.
Citation - WoS: 0
Citation - Scopus: 0
Analysis of Neurooncological Data to Predict Success of operation Through Classification
(Assoc Computing Machinery, 2016) Tokdemir, Gül; Bagherzadi, Negin; Borcek, Alp Ozgun; Çağıltay, Nergiz; Tokdemir, Gul; Cagiltay, Nergiz; Maras, H. Hakan; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; Yazılım Mühendisliği
Data mining algorithms have been applied in various fields of medicine to get insights about diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. This gives rise to more research on personalized medicine as patient data can be utilized to predict outcomes of certain treatment procedures. Accordingly, this study aims to create a model to provide decision support for surgeons in Neurooncology surgery. For this purpose, we have analyzed clinical pathology records of Neurooncology patients through various classification algorithms, namely Support Vector Machine, Multi Perceptron and Naive Bayes methods, and compared their performances with the aim of predicting surgery complication. A large number of factors have been considered to classify and predict percentage of patient's complication in surgery. Some of the factors found to be predictive were age, sex, clinical presentation, previous surgery type etc. For classification models built up using Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes and Multi Perceptron, Classification trials for Support Vector Machine have shown %77.47 generalization accuracy, which was established by 5-fold cross-validation.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 10
Diagnosis of osteoarthritic changes, loss of cervical lordosis, and disc space narrowing on cervical radiographs with deep learning methods
(Turkish Joint Diseases Foundation, 2022) Maras, Yuksel; Tokdemir, Gül; Tokdemir, Gul; Ureten, Kemal; Atalar, Ebru; Duran, Semra; Maras, Hakan; 17411; 34410; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Objectives: In this study, we aimed to differentiate normal cervical graphs and graphs of diseases that cause mechanical neck pain by using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) technology. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, the convolutional neural networks were used and transfer learning method was applied with the pre-trained VGG-16, VGG-19, Resnet-101, and DenseNet-201 networks. Our data set consisted of 161 normal lateral cervical radiographs and 170 lateral cervical radiographs with osteoarthritis and cervical degenerative disc disease. Results: We compared the performances of the classification models in terms of performance metrics such as accuracy,
Citation - Scopus: 0
GUIs with Haptic interfaces
(Springer Verlag, 2015) Özçelik, Erol; Arda Aydin, M.; Cagiltay, N.E.; Tokdemir, Gül; Ozcelik, E.; Tuner, E.; Sahin, H.; Tokdemir, G.; 17411; Psikoloji; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
While there are many studies regarding utilization of Haptic feedback to enhance desktop GUIs and utilizing Haptic devices as additional interfaces to improve performance in current interaction techniques, there are not many studies that uses Haptic device as a primary input device. In this study, we present an experimentation conducted with 30 students, comparing performance of a Haptic device with mouse to use a GUI elements commonly used with mouse gestures. This study is inspired by a system that utilizes both mouse and a Haptic device, thus also taking task switching into consideration. We conclude that it is possible to achieve an acceptable performance with a Haptic device in a desktop-like GUI but further study and experimentation is necessary. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
Home-Based Working During Covid-19 Pandemic: Experience of Turkish Software Professionals
(2021) Tokdemir, Gül; Tokdemir, Gul; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Bu çalışma, Covid-19 salgını sırasında yazılım profesyonellerinin evden çalışma deneyimlerini araştırmaktadır. Bir anket aracılığıyla, bu tür çalışma ortamlarının özellikleriyle ilişkili olarak evden çalışmanın zorlukları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, iki değişkenli analiz yoluyla, ev tabanlı çalışma özellikleri ile üretkenlik arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, yazılım profesyonellerinin pandemi döneminde daha uzun saatler çalıştıklarını ve evden çalışma ortamına adapte olmanın çoğunlukla kolay olduğunu göstermektedir. Evden çalışma ortamlarında ev işleri ve çocukların en önemli kesinti nedeni olduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca yazılım profesyonelleri için öğleden sonraları ve sabahların en verimli çalışma aralıkları olduğu belirtilmiştir.
Citation - Scopus: 1
How Engineers Understand Entity-relationship Diagrams: insights from eye tracker data
(IADIS, 2012) Tokdemir, G.; Tokdemir, Gül; Cagiltay, N.E.; Kilic, O.; 17411; 113411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is one of the main tools used in software design process. This representation enables software engineers to understand system data requirements at a more comprehensive level. Designing and understanding of ERD and hence system data requirements is a critical issue for the success of software projects. In this study we are introducing an experiment environment which would be used to understand the behaviors of software engineers during designing and understanding these representations. This experimental setting is planned to be used to measure the software engineers' performance during ERD defect detection process. We believe such an environment can be used to develop some reviewing guidelines for the software engineers to improve their reviewing process in ERD which in turn will provide some tools for the educators to improve design and review skills of future software engineers. The results of this study would also provide recommendations for the researchers in similar experiments. © 2012 IADIS.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 3
Investigating the Relationship Between SLOC and Logical Database Measures to Improve the Early Estimation of Software Cost
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2019) Tokdemir, Gul; Tokdemir, Gül; Cagiltay, Nergiz Ercil; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Project planning is a critical activity in the software development life cycle. At the early stages of a project, the managers need to estimate required time, effort and cost to plan, track and then to deliver the project successfully. Many studies have attempted to provide methods for precise software cost estimation. The current software cost estimation methods are mainly based on software size estimation and functional system requirements. The main assumption of this study is that, as the primary source of complexity in today's software is the interaction between the database and the user, database measures may provide inputs allowing current software estimation methods to achieve more accurate results. Accordingly, this study attempts to gain insights from objective measures, collected through the logical database model of software systems, for better prediction of the software's effort and hence cost through software lines of code (SLOC) measure. For this purpose, more than 2.5 million lines of code developed by four different companies, for 79 different software packages with their related database design measures, are analyzed. The results of this study show that there is a close correlation between the software size and database design measure, namely, the number of tables which can be collected at the logical database design stage. By adapting this result, the current estimation models could be improved significantly.
Kişisel Sağlık Kaydı Sistemleri Kullanılabilirlik Durum Çalışması
(2015) Tokdemir, Gül; Ercil, Yavuz; Tokdemir, Gül; Ercil Çağıltay, Nergiz; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Yeni teknolojilerle birlikte sağlk sektöründe de süreçlerin iyileştirilmesi ve sağlk hizmetlerinin kalitesinin artrlmasna yönelik çalşmalar her geçen gün artmaktadr. Bu alanda yaplan çalşmalar sonucunda önceliklerin bütünleşik ve paylaşlabilen sağlk ve kişiye özel uygulamalar adreslemesi gerektiği görülmüştür. Bu uygulamalarn temel yaptaş hasta verilerinin kullanlmas yoluyla hzl ve doğru teşhis ve tedavi için yeni yöntemlerin geliştirilmesidir. Bu bağlamda kişilerin sağlkl ve hasta olduklar durumlarda sağlk durumlar ile ilgili tutacaklar verilerin önemi büyüktür. Dünyada ve ülkemizde sağlk hizmetlerinin iyileştirilmesi amacyla vatandaşlarn bu konuda bilincinin artrlmas giderek önem kazanmakta ve bu konuda ciddi çalşmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu kapsamda bireyin kendi sağlğ ile ilgili takipleri yapmak amacyla daha aktif bir rol almas ön plana çkmaktadr. Bu çalşmada Microsoft Health Vault olarak isimlendirilen ve kişisel sağlk verilerinin tutulmasna yönelik olarak geliştirilmiş olan sisteminin kullanlabilirlik çalşmas yaplmş ve sonuçlar tartşlmştr.
Multimodal interaction flow representation for ubiquitous environments - MIF: A case study in surgical navigation interface design
(2015) Tokdemir, Gül; Altun, Gamze; Çağıltay, Nergiz E.; Maras, H. Hakan; Börcek, Alp Özgün; 17411; 34410; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
With the advent of technology, new interaction modalities became available which augmented the system interaction. Even though there are vast amount of applications for the ubiquitous devices like mobile agents, smart glasses and wearable technologies, many of them are hardly preferred by users. The success of those systems is highly dependent on the quality of the interaction design. Moreover, domain specific applications developed for these ubiquitous devices involve detailed domain knowledge which normally IT professionals do not have, which may involve a substantial lack of quality in the services provided. Hence, effective and high quality domain specific applications developed for these ubiquitous devices require significant collaboration of domain experts and IT professionals during the development process. Accordingly, tools to provide common communication medium between domain experts and IT professionals would provide necessary medium for communication. In this study, a new modelling tool for interaction design of ubiquitous devices like mobile agents, wearable devices is proposed which includes different interaction modalities. In order to better understand the effectiveness of this newly proposed design tool, an experimental study is conducted with 11 undergraduate students (novices) and 15 graduate students (experienced) of Computer Engineering Department for evaluating defect detection performance for the defects seeded into the interface design of a neuronavigation device. Results show that the defects were realized as more difficult for the novices and their performance was lower compared to experienced ones. Considering the defect types, wrong information and wrong button type of defects were recognized as more difficult. The results of this study aimed to provide insights for the system designers to better represent the interaction design details and to improve the communication level of IT professionals and the domain experts. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
Citation - Scopus: 0
Multimodal Interaction Flow Representation for Ubiquitous Environments - MIF: A Case Study in Surgical Navigation Interface Design
(Springer Verlag, 2015) Tokdemir, G.; Tokdemir, Gül; Altun, G.; Cagiltay, N.E.; Maras, H.H.; Borcek, A.O.; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
With the advent of technology, new interaction modalities became available which augmented the system interaction. Even though there are vast amount of applications for the ubiquitous devices like mobile agents, smart glasses and wearable technologies, many of them are hardly preferred by users. The success of those systems is highly dependent on the quality of the interaction design. Moreover, domain specific applications developed for these ubiquitous devices involve detailed domain knowledge which normally IT professionals do not have, which may involve a substantial lack of quality in the services provided. Hence, effective and high quality domain specific applications developed for these ubiquitous devices require significant collaboration of domain experts and IT professionals during the development process. Accordingly, tools to provide common communication medium between domain experts and IT professionals would provide necessary medium for communication. In this study, a new modelling tool for interaction design of ubiquitous devices like mobile agents, wearable devices is proposed which includes different interaction modalities. In order to better understand the effectiveness of this newly proposed design tool, an experimental study is conducted with 11 undergraduate students (novices) and 15 graduate students (experienced) of Computer Engineering Department for evaluating defect detection performance for the defects seeded into the interface design of a neuronavigation device. Results show that the defects were realized as more difficult for the novices and their performance was lower compared to experienced ones. Considering the defect types, wrong information and wrong button type of defects were recognized as more difficult. The results of this study aimed to provide insights for the system designers to better represent the interaction design details and to improve the communication level of IT professionals and the domain experts. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
Citation - WoS: 0
Neuronavigation Skill Training Through Simulation: Insights From Eye Data
(Iated-int Assoc Technology Education A& development, 2016) Çağıltay, Nergiz; Tokdemir, Gül; Cagiltay, N. E.; Topalli, D.; Maraş, Hadi Hakan; Borcek, A. O.; Tokdemir, G.; Aydın, Elif; Maras, H. H.; Tonbul, G.; Aydin, E.; 17411; Yazılım Mühendisliği; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği
Neuronavigation systems are developed to support the brain surgery operations. Because of its complex anatomical structure, the neurosurgery is a risky and critical operation. The surgeon is required to perform the operation in a very small area with very restricted movements. The neuronavigation systems are developed to help the surgeon during the operation to show the current position of the surgery with respect to the 3D virtual model of the patient. In these systems, the 3D virtual model of the patient is created according to the medical data (MRI/BT) of the patient. Hence these systems work like navigations systems that are used in driving a car. The surgeon uses this system by controlling the system through a software interface and its user interface and correlates the current position of the operation with the 3D patient virtual model. In this way the surgeon checks the critical anatomical structures through this system and eliminates possible risks. Hence surgeons who will perform such operations are required to develop several skills to manage this very complicated environment. They are required to perform the operation according to the information coming from the navigation display. Additionally, in order to reach relevant information from the navigation display they have to control the navigation panel. In order to prepare surgeons to manage this very complicated environment, their required skills need to be improved during the training period. In this study, to better understand the surgeons' behaviours while managing the tasks related to the surgical navigation procedures, a simulation based environment is developed and an experimental study is conducted with 10 people. Their eye data and their performance data is recorded based on the simulated tasks. The results of the study is analysed statistically and descriptively. The results show that it is possible to control a neuronavigation display through eye movements which could be an alternative human-computer interaction option for designing the neuronavigation systems' user interfaces. Secondly, it is shown that performing a task according to the results of a second information source (neuronavigation system) lowers the general performance in terms of travelled distance with the operation tool and camera (endoscope). However the success level while performing each task and the time spent values are similar in both cases. On the other hand the number of errors is higher in the first scenario. Hence, the surgical education programs need to provide appropriate solutions to better understand and measure the skill levels of trainees on such tasks and to improve their skills through virtual practice systems.
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 19
New knowledge in strategic management through visually mining semantic networks
(Springer, 2017) Ertek, Gurdal; Tokdemir, Gül; Tokdemir, Gul; Sevinc, Mete; Tunc, Murat Mustafa; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Today's highly competitive business world requires that managers be able to make fast and accurate strategic decisions, as well as learn to adapt to new strategic challenges. This necessity calls for a deep experience and a dynamic understanding of strategic management. The trait of dynamic understanding is mainly the skill of generating additional knowledge and innovative solutions under the new environmental conditions. Building on the concepts of information processing, this paper aims to support managers in constructing new strategic management knowledge, through representing and mining existing knowledge through graph visualization. To this end, a three-stage framework is proposed and described. The framework can enable managers to develop a deeper understanding of the strategic management domain, and expand on existing knowledge through visual analysis. The model further supports a case study that involves unstructured knowledge of profit patterns and the related strategies to succeed using these patterns. The applicability of the framework is shown in the case study, where the unstructured knowledge in a strategic management book is first represented as a semantic network, and then visually mined for revealing new knowledge.
Citation - WoS: 20
Citation - Scopus: 36
Performing and analyzing non-formal inspections of entity relationship diagram (ERD)
(Elsevier Science inc, 2013) Cagiltay, Nergiz Ercil; Tokdemir, Gül; Tokdemir, Gul; Kilic, Ozkan; Topalli, Damla; 17411; Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Designing and understanding of diagrammatic representations is a critical issue for the success of software projects because diagrams in this field provide a collection of related information with various perceptual signs and they help software engineers to understand operational systems at different levels of information system development process. Entity relationship diagram (ERD) is one of the main diagrammatic representations of a conceptual data model that reflects users' data requirements in a database system. In today's business environment, the business model is in a constant change which creates highly dynamic data requirements which also requires additional processes like modifications of ERD. However, in the literature there are not many measures to better understand the behaviors of software engineers during designing and understanding these representations. Hence, the main motivation of this study is to develop measures to better understand performance of software engineers during their understanding process of ERD. Accordingly, this study proposes two measures for ERD defect detection process. The defect detection difficulty level (DF) measures how difficult a defect to be detected according to the other defects for a group of software engineers. Defect detection performance (PP) measure is also proposed to understand the performance of a software engineer during the defect detection process. The results of this study are validated through the eye tracker data collected during the defect detection process of participants. Additionally, a relationship between the defect detection performance (PP) of a software engineer and his/her search patterns within an ERD is analyzed. Second experiment with five participants is also conducted to show the correlation between the proposed metric results and eye tracker data. The results of experiment-2 also found to be similar for DF and PP values. The results of this study are expected to provide insights to the researchers, software companies, and to the educators to improve ERD reasoning process. Through these measures several design guidelines can be developed for better graphical representations and modeling of the information which would improve quality of these diagrams. Moreover, some reviewing instructions can be developed for the software engineers to improve their reviewing process in ERD. These guidelines in turn will provide some tools for the educators to improve design and review skills of future software engineers. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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