Psikoloji Bölümü Yayın Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/417

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Citation - Scopus: 0
A Review on Executive Functions and Memory Processes Associated with Feeding and Eating Disorder
(Istanbul Universitesi, 2020) Çobanoğlu, F.Ö.; Kaynak, H.; 101097
From the beginning of humankind, feeding has become one of the most important requirements of social adaptation and survival. Since the 20th century, research on feeding and eating disorders has tried to give some explanations of various eating behaviors, such as starving because of thoughts about being overweight or non-stop binge eating by the individual, relational, or social factors. However, they are inadequate to fully explain the psychopathological and cognitive factors underlying feeding and eating disorders. The complex behavioral pattern behind eating disorders can lead to impairments in people’s attention, memory, and metacognitive processes. Certain higher-order cognitive mechanisms such as problem solving, reasoning, and decision making are impaired in individuals suffering from eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, compared to healthy individuals. Several researches aimed to find out evidence that may recover these impairments or that may lead to preventive measures for the risk of developing eating disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine the researches on the effects of eating disorders on individuals’ executive functions and memory processes and to explore the links between eating disorders, executive functions, and memory. © 2020, Istanbul Universitesi. All rights reserved.
A Review on Executive Functions and Memory Processes Associated with Feeding and Eating Disorders
(2020) Çobanoğlu, Fatma Öykü; Kaynak, Hande; 101097
From the beginning of humankind, feeding has become one of the most important requirements of social adaptation and survival. Since the 20th century, research on feeding and eating disorders has tried to give some explanations of various eating behaviors, such as starving because of thoughts about being overweight or non-stop binge eating by the individual, relational, or social factors. However, they are inadequate to fully explain the psychopathological and cognitive factors underlying feeding and eating disorders. The complex behavioral pattern behind eating disorders can lead to impairments in people’s attention, memory, and metacognitive processes. Certain higher-order cognitive mechanisms such as problem solving, reasoning, and decision making are impaired in individuals suffering from eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, compared to healthy individuals. Several researches aimed to find out evidence that may recover these impairments or that may lead to preventive measures for the risk of developing eating disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine the researches on the effects of eating disorders on individuals’ executive functions and memory processes and to explore the links between eating disorders, executive functions, and memory.
Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age
(2019) Kaynak, Hande; 101097
This study investigated the relationship between general intelligence and implicit memory performance in conjunction with aging. Data have been collected from 95 volunteers (49 young-46 older adults). General intelligence was measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test. Participants’ implicit memory performance was measured by the Word Stem Completion (WSC) task, in which the participants were presented with first three letters of a word and asked to complete this stem with the first word that comes to their mind. Explicit memory performance was also measured to be able to make a comparison with implicit memory performance and to document the differentiation between implicit and explicit memory. Although the same WSC task was used to measure implicit and explicit memory performance separately, the different instructions were used to deduce the different memory types. According to the results of factorial ANOVA, the main effect of age on general intelligence score was found to be statistically significant. After running further analyses by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, results indicated that RSPM test total correct score had a tendency to decrease with increasing age and RSPM test completion time had a tendency to increase with aging. Results also showed that implicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated. Similarly, explicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated, too. However, RSPM test completion time did not differ depending on implicit and explicit memory performances which were measured by WSC task. The present study indicated the relation between implicit WSC task and general intelligence. Within this context, this study is important to draw attention to the contribution of implicit memory measurement which is in the shadow of traditional explicit memory measurements to general intelligence, especially in older population.
Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age
(2019) Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Bu araştırmada, genel zekâ ve örtük bellek performansı arasındaki ilişki yaşlanmayla birlikte incelenmektir. Araştırmanın verileri 49 genç, 46 yaşlı olmak üzere toplam 95 gönüllü yetişkinden toplanmıştır. Genel zekâ puanı, Raven Standart Progresif Matrisler (RSPM) testi kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Katılımcıların bellek performansını ölçmek için, Kelime Kökü Tamamlama (KKT) görevi kullanılmıştır. Örtük bellek görevinde, katılımcılardan kendilerine ilk üç harfi sunulan kelime köklerini akıllarına gelen ilk kelimeye tamamlamaları istenmiştir. Ayrıca, örtük bellek performansıyla karşılaştırma yapabilmek ve örtük ve açık bellek arasındaki ayrımı belgelemek için açık bellek performansı da ölçülmüştür. Örtük ve açık bellek performansını ayrı ayrı ölçmek için aynı KKT görevi kullanılmış, ancak bu görev farklı yönergeler altında uygulanmıştır. Faktöriyel varyans analizi (ANOVA) bulgularına göre, yaşın genel zekâ puanları üzerindeki temel etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon hesaplamaları sonucunda, ilerleyen yaşla birlikte RSPM testinden alınan toplam doğru puanın azaldığı, testi tamamlama süresinin ise arttığı görülmüştür. Örtük KKT görevi puanları ile RSPM testi toplam doğru puanları arasındaki ilişki ve açık KKT görevi puanları ile RSPM testi toplam doğru puanları arasındaki ilişki de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuş, aralarındaki ilişkilerin pozitif olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Buna karşın, örtük KKT görevi puanı ile RSPM testi tamamlama süresi ve açık KKT görevi puanı ile RSPM testi tamamlama süresi arasındaki ilişki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir. Mevcut çalışma bulguları, örtük KKT görevi ölçümünün genel zekâyla olan güçlü ilişkisini göstermektedir. Çalışma, bu kapsamda, özellikle yaşlı nüfusta, geleneksel açık bellek ölçümlerinin gölgesinde kalan örtük bellek ölçümünün genel zekâya olan katkısına dikkat çekmesi açısından önemlidir.
Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Bellek Süreçleri
(Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2019) Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Citation - WoS: 0
Citation - Scopus: 0
Direct and indirect relationships between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress: The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies
(Klinik Psikiyatri dergisi, 2022) Sayinta, Senanur; Kocak, Hatice Nur; Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Objective: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are remarkable on individuals' mental health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an increase in mental health problems and psychological distress in uninfected healthy people. The present study aimed to examine the mediator role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regula-tion strategies in the relationship between cognitive fle-xibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress experienced during the current pandemic. Method: The sample consisted of 351 young adults (86% female and 14% male) who were not infected with COVID-19 aged between 18 to 25 years old. Participants completed the self-report questionnaires, including the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and COVID-19 Related Psychological Distress Scale. Mediation analysis estimated total, indi-rect, and direct effects between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress. Results: The correlation analyses showed that cognitive flexibility -control dimension was negatively associated with both COVID-19 related psychological distress and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Also, maladap-tive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and COVID-19 related psychological distress was found to be posi-tively correlated. In the study sample, the results of the bootstrap mediation indicated that maladaptive cogni-tive emotion regulation strategies, including self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others, fully mediated the relationship between cogni-tive flexibility -control and COVID-19 related psycholog-ical distress. Discussion: Our findings would help psy-chological interventions designed for COVID-19 unin-fected healthy people who have lower-level cognitive flexibility -control dimension by highlighting the promi-nence that the fewer people use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, the less they feel COVID-19 related psychological distress.
Duygunun Tanıma Belleğini Artırımı Üzerine Bir Derleme: Duygusal Uyaranların Neden Olduğu Tepki Yanlılığı ve Bağlam
(2021) Kaynak, Hande; Aydın, Öykü; 101097
Mevcut çalışmanın amacı, duygunun tanıma belleği üzerindeki etkisine yönelik yapılmış alanyazındaki araştırmaların\rderlenmesiyle konunun ana hatlarının sunulması ve duygu-bellek etkileşimi konusuyla ilişkili dikkat çeken noktaları \röne çıkararak, araştırma alanıyla ilgili gelecekteki çalışmalar için bazı hususları ele almaktır. Alanyazındaki çok sayıda \rçalışma, duygu içerikli uyaranların nötr eşdeğerlerine göre daha iyi hatırlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yaygın \rbulgudan yola çıkarak, mevcut çalışmada, konuyla ilgili alanyazındaki çalışmalar, duyguyu tanımlayan ve açıklamaya \rçalışan çeşitli yaklaşımlar, duygunun farklı yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde tanımlanan boyutlarının tanıma belleği üzerindeki \retkisine yönelik sonuçlar, duygunun bellek performansında neden olabileceği tepki yanlılıklarına dair bulgular da dâhil \redilerek derlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, bellek performansını etkileyen faktörün yalnızca duygu içerikli uyaranların \rboyutlarından kaynaklı olmadığını, duygusal uyaranların oluşturduğu bağlam içerisinde bellek performansının olumlu \ryönde etkilendiğini kanıtlayan ampirik araştırmalar aktarılmıştır. Ek olarak, duygusal belleğin laboratuvar ortamında \rnasıl çalışıldığı ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda duygu-bellek etkileşimini kontrollü laboratuvar ortamında çalışmak \ramacıyla geliştirilen veri tabanlarından ve özellikle Türkiye’de yürütülecek araştırmalar için geliştirilen ve kullanıma \raçılan veri tabanı norm çalışmalarından bahsedilmiştir. Özetlemek gerekirse, mevcut derleme kapsamında geçmiş \rçalışmalar incelendiğinde, duygu ve tanıma belleği etkileşimini araştırırken daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde edebilmek için,\rduygunun neden olduğu tepki yanlılığı, duygusal bağlam ve duygusal uyaran türü gibi faktörlerin gelecek çalışmalarda \rdikkate alınması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Examining the Effects of Chronic Pain on Memory Processes within the Framework of the Biopsychosocial Model
(2022) Üste, Aleyna Nur; Kaynak, Hande; 101097
En yaygın ağrı türlerinden biri olan kronik ağrı, bellek güçlükleri gibi bilişsel becerilerde bozulma ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Mevcut makale, kronik ağrısı olan hastaların belleğini biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal bileşenlerin nasıl etkilediğini inceleyen çalışmaların derlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmalar, kronik ağrı hastalarının çoğunlukla bellek bozulmalarından şikâyet ettiğini ve biyopsikososyal modelin bu hastaların neden bellek şikayetleri yaşadıklarını daha iyi anlamak için yaygın olarak kullanıldığını göstermiştir. Biyopsikososyal model aynı zamanda her hastaya özgü müdahale modeli geliştirerek hastaların bilişsel ve davranışsal zorluklarla baş etmelerini sağlamaktadır. Birincisi, modelin biyolojik bileşeni, kronik ağrının hastalarda biyolojik değişikliklere neden olduğunu, dikkat ve bellek gibi bilişsel süreçleri olumsuz etkilediğini savunmaktadır. İkinci olarak, psikolojik bileşen, kronik ağrının neden olduğu depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluğu gibi komorbiditeleri tartışmakta ve bunların bellek performansını nasıl etkilediğini araştırmaktadır. Üçüncüsü, sosyal bileşen, hastaların artan sağlık hizmeti maliyetleri ve yetersiz uyku gibi çeşitli bozukluklara bağlı olarak kronik ağrının olumsuz etkilerini deneyimlediklerini öne sürmektedir. Çalışma, kronik ağrısı olan hastaların bellek performansının biyolojik, psikolojik, sosyal bileşenlerden etkilendiği ve bu bileşenlerin birbirleriyle etkileşime girerek bellekte bozulmalara neden olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 3
Locus of Control as a Mediator of the Relationships Between Motivational Systems and Trait Anxiety
(Sage Publications inc, 2024) Kaynak, Hande; Demir, Yağmur; Turan, Aysu; Demir, Yagmur; 101097; İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı
The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, first proposed by Gray and later revised, describes three motivational systems: Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioral Activation System (BAS), and Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS). Studies have shown that high BIS and FFFS activation are positively related to anxiety symptoms, yet the relationship between BAS and anxiety remains unclear. Research data have also suggested that anxiety symptoms occur with the loss of perceived control. Thus, although studies on the direct effect of locus of control (LOC) on trait anxiety have accumulated for many years, the issue of how LOC may mediate the relationship between BIS/BAS/FFFS sensitivity and anxiety has not been addressed. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of LOC orientation on trait anxiety among young adults in association with these three motivational systems. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 422 volunteers. The BIS/BAS Scale, Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Rotter's Internal-External LOC Scale were applied. A series of mediation analyses were performed to estimate total, indirect, and direct effects. The results showed that BIS and FFFS positively predicted trait anxiety. In addition, LOC positively predicted trait anxiety and BIS. The results of the mediation analyses indicated that LOC functioned as a partial mediator between BIS and trait anxiety. This finding revealed that a high BIS level, one of the motivational systems, was associated with external LOC, which in turn contributed to reporting high trait anxiety in young adults. Hence, BIS and external LOC orientation could be suggested as risk factors for trait anxiety. As the external LOC orientation of individuals with high punishment sensitivity increased, their trait anxiety levels also increased. Therefore, it was suggested that it might be useful to be aware that LOC orientations of individuals with BIS sensitivity may pose a risk for trait anxiety.
Citation - WoS: 0
Losing the Life: A Review on Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer's Disease
(Istanbul Univ, Fac Letters, dept Psychology, 2021) Aydin, Oyku; Cengil, Betul Beyza; Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia among older adults, is a progressive and neurodegenerative brain disease. AD is characterized by progressive memory impairments, but not other types of dementia. Autobiographical memory (AM) is defined as episodes recollected from individuals' life, and it is one of the memory systems impaired in AD. One consequence of AM decline in AD is difficulties in the retrieval of recent AMs rather than past ones. AM contains both episodic and semantic components, and it is crucial for self-concept. The aim of the present study is to review the current understanding of AM in people with AD. In the introduction part of the review, AD and its cognitive correlates are presented in detail, with how AM performance is important for the self. In the second part of the review, AM deteriorations in patients with AD are discussed. Factors, such as emotion and olfaction, affecting AM are mentioned along with the neural substrates. In this regard, the effect of the emotional dimension (e.g., valence) on the formation and retrieval of AMs is discussed and how AM is studied with olfactory stimuli is presented, respectively. Studies on the link between AM and emotion have shown that there is a positive shift of AM in AD, indicating that patients with AD remember their AMs more positively. In addition, olfactory stimuli evoke more AMs than verbal and visual stimuli. The conclusion section of the current review is devoted to some recommendations that might guide future research. For instance, stage-by-stage investigation of AM in AD and the comparison of them in relation to relevant variables could be one way of providing detailed findings on the nature of AM in AD.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 0
Relations Among Emotional Mood State Personality Dimensions and Social Desirability in Older Adults
(Gunes Kitabevi Ltd Sti, 2018) Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that older adults report higher levels of positive affect (PA). Studies in the context of the five-factor model of personality have also noted the age-related changes in personality. However, the possible influence of personality on emotional state needs further investigation in older adulthood. This study examines relations among personality traits, social desirability, and positive/negative affectivity in conjunction with aging. Materials and Method: A total of 123 volunteers (62 young and 61 older adults) was participated in the study. A cross-design was used with consecutive sampling. All participants had higher education. Participants completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule as a measure of emotional state. Thereafter, they rated the degree to which each item described themselves on the Five-Factor Personality Inventory, which measures personality dimensions and social desirability. Results: Independent t-tests were conducted to compare young and older adults in terms of affectivity and personality. Findings revealed that older adults reported less negative affect (NA) compared with young adults. Older adults scored higher on agreeableness, conscientiousness, and social desirability, whereas young adults scored higher on extraversion and neuroticism. Based on correlational results, neuroticism was negatively correlated with extraversion, social desirability, and PA in older adults. Analyses of variance showed that conscientiousness, neuroticism, and social desirability impacted positive/negative affectivity. Conclusion: The results indicated that neuroticism proved to be the most important factor on emotional well-being. Older adults low on neuroticism experienced less NA. Furthermore, conscientiousness and social desirability had strong effects on PA indicating that the age-related differences found in affectivity might not only be attributable to age-related changes in personality, but also partly attributable to age-related increases in social desirability.
Citation - WoS: 0
Relations between cognitive knowledge and emotion regulation: Mediating role of cognitive flexibility
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2023) Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 0
Response bias shift for positive words in older adults in a surprise recognition memory task: an incidental encoding study
(Gunes Kitabevi Ltd Sti, 2017) Kaynak, Hande; Gökçay, Didem; 101097
Giriş: Yaşlı bireylerin özellikle olumlu kelimeleri bellekte daha iyi tuttukları bilinmesine rağmen, duygunun iki boyutunun (olumluluk ve heyecan düzeyleri) tesadüfi kodlama yapılan tanıma belleği performansı üzerindeki etkisi hâlâ netlik kazanmamıştır. Araştırmanın amacı, tesadüfi kodlanan ve olumluluk (olumlu, olumsuz ve nötr) ve heyecan düzeyleri (yüksek ve düşük) değişimlenen kelimelerin tanıma belleği puanları (bellek doğruluğu ve tepki yanlılığı) üzerindeki etkisini, sürpriz bir eski/yeni tanıma belleği göreviyle incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya, 60 genç ve 53 yaşlı olmak üzere 113 gönüllü katılmıştır. İlk olarak, duygusal kelimeler bilgisayarda tek tek sunulmuş, tesadüfi kodlama yapması istenen katılımcılardan kelimelerin kaç sesli harften oluştuğunu belirtmesi istenmiştir. 30 dakikadan sonra, test aşamasına geçilmiş, çalışma aşamasına atıfta bulunarak daha önce gördükleri kelimeleri tanımaları yönünde yönerge sunulmuş, sürpriz bir eski/yeni tanıma göreviyle bellek performansı kaydedilmiştir. Bulgular: 2×3×2 son faktörde tekrar ölçümlü deney deseni kullanılmıştır. Bağımlı değişken, tanıma belleği puanları olup, Sinyal Belirleme Kuramı temel alınarak bellek doğruluğu ve tepki yanlılığı hesaplanmıştır. Varyans analizlerine göre, yaşlıların kelimelerin olumluluk düzeyi açısından bellek doğruluğu puanları değişmemekle birlikte, özellikle olumlu kelimelere karşı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir tepki yanlılığı gösterdikleri bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Yaşlılar olumsuz kelimelere nazaran olumlu kelimelere daha çok önem vermektedir. Kelimelerin çaba harcamadan, tesadüfi kodlandığı koşulda, yaşla birlikte ortaya çıkan bu farklılık, yaşlıların iyi olma hallerini korumak adına duygularını düzenlediklerini öne sürmektedir. Çalışmamız bellek performansı ölçümlerinde, yaşla ilişkili etkenlerin belirlenmesinin önemine dikkat çekmektedir
The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Variables of Attention in Healthy Adults
(2019) Kaynak, Hande; Erdeniz, Burak; 101097
The aim of present study is to examine the effect of neurofeedback training on attentional processes in two groups of healthy adult participants. During the experiment, participants in the experimental group were required to complete two puzzles displayed on the computer screen while having neurofeedback training. During this procedure, performance on the puzzles was based on participants’ brain activity that was recorded from the Cz area. Moreover, before and after completion of seven neurofeedback sessions, Stroop task was used to measure selective attention performance. Results for the Stroop task showed that although there was a significant reaction time difference before and after the neurofeedback training, there was no significant main effect of group (experimental vs. control group). Furthermore, the reaction time to complete the puzzles across the sessions did not differ significantly between the experimental and the control group. Improving the training program by increasing the number of training sessions and employing a more attention-demanding task in the training sessions might have resulted in an expected effect of neurofeedback
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 3
The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between metacognition and psychologicalhealth:Astudyinanon-clinicalsample
(Kare Publ, 2021) Aydin, Oyku; Kaynak, Hande; 101097
Objective: Metacognition is a concept that refers to the awareness and control of individuals' cognitive processes. In this regard, metacognitive processes may promote cognitive flexibility. The present study investigates the impact of metacognitions on adults' psychological health and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility through bootstrap analysis. Method: The sample comprised of 212 university students. All volunteers had no history of psychiatric/neurological disorders and no use of medication affecting the central nervous system for the last six months. Participants were required to complete the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, the General Health Questionnaire- 12, and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory via an online survey. Results: According to the correlation analyses, cognitive flexibility was found to be negatively correlated with dysfunctional metacognition (r=-0.227, p<0.01) and poor psychological health (r=-0.397, p<0.01); dysfunctional metacognition was positively correlated with poor psychological health (r=0.399, p<0.01). We conducted mediation analyses via the bootstrapping method using a 95% confidence interval and 5000 bootstrap samples. The results showed that cognitive flexibility had a significant partial mediating role in the relationship between metacognition and psychological health [R-2=0.26, F(2, 209)=36.38, p<0.001]. Conclusion: The findings highlighted the importance of cognitive flexibility as an underlying mechanism through the relationship between metacognition and psychological health in a non-clinical sample. The results suggested the need to take "cognitive health" into account while attempting to promote "psychological health."

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