Psikoloji Bölümü

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Citation Count: Çobanoğlu, F.Ö.; Kaynak, H. (2020). "Beslenme ve Yeme Bozuklukları ile İlişkili Yürütücü İşlevler ve Bellek Süreçleri Üzerine Bir Gözden Geçirme Çalışması", Yeni Symposium Psikiyatri, Nöroloji ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol.58, No.1, pp.26-33.
A Review on Executive Functions and Memory Processes Associated with Feeding and Eating Disorder
(2020-03) Çobanoğlu, Fatma Öykü; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
From the beginning of humankind, feeding has become one of the most important requirements of so-cial adaptation and survival. Since the 20th century, research on feeding and eating disorders has tried to give some explanations of various eating behaviors, such as starving because of thoughts about be-ing overweight or non-stop binge eating by the individual, relational, or social factors. However, they are inadequate to fully explain the psychopathological and cognitive factors underlying feeding and eating disorders. The complex behavioral pattern behind eating disorders can lead to impairments in people’s attention, memory, and metacognitive processes. Certain higher-order cognitive mechanisms such as problem solving, reasoning, and decision making are impaired in individuals suffering from eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, compared to healthy individuals. Several researches aimed to find out evidence that may recover these impairments or that may lead to preventive measures for the risk of developing eating disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine the researches on the effects of eating disorders on individuals’ executive functions and memory processes and to explore the links between eating disorders, executive func-tions, and memory.
Citation Count: Çobanoğlu, Fatma Öykü; Kaynak, H. (2020). "A Review on Executive Functions and Memory Processes Associated with Feeding and Eating Disorders", Yeni Symposium
A Review on Executive Functions and Memory Processes Associated with Feeding and Eating Disorders
(2020) Çobanoğlu, Fatma Öykü; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
From the beginning of humankind, feeding has become one of the most important requirements of social adaptation and survival. Since the 20th century, research on feeding and eating disorders has tried to give some explanations of various eating behaviors, such as starving because of thoughts about being overweight or non-stop binge eating by the individual, relational, or social factors. However, they are inadequate to fully explain the psychopathological and cognitive factors underlying feeding and eating disorders. The complex behavioral pattern behind eating disorders can lead to impairments in people’s attention, memory, and metacognitive processes. Certain higher-order cognitive mechanisms such as problem solving, reasoning, and decision making are impaired in individuals suffering from eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, compared to healthy individuals. Several researches aimed to find out evidence that may recover these impairments or that may lead to preventive measures for the risk of developing eating disorders. The aim of the current study is to examine the researches on the effects of eating disorders on individuals’ executive functions and memory processes and to explore the links between eating disorders, executive functions, and memory.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande, "Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age ", Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 198-208, (2019).
Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age
(2019) Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen - Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
This study investigated the relationship between general intelligence and implicit memory performance in conjunction with aging. Data have been collected from 95 volunteers (49 young-46 older adults). General intelligence was measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test. Participants’ implicit memory performance was measured by the Word Stem Completion (WSC) task, in which the participants were presented with first three letters of a word and asked to complete this stem with the first word that comes to their mind. Explicit memory performance was also measured to be able to make a comparison with implicit memory performance and to document the differentiation between implicit and explicit memory. Although the same WSC task was used to measure implicit and explicit memory performance separately, the different instructions were used to deduce the different memory types. According to the results of factorial ANOVA, the main effect of age on general intelligence score was found to be statistically significant. After running further analyses by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, results indicated that RSPM test total correct score had a tendency to decrease with increasing age and RSPM test completion time had a tendency to increase with aging. Results also showed that implicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated. Similarly, explicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated, too. However, RSPM test completion time did not differ depending on implicit and explicit memory performances which were measured by WSC task. The present study indicated the relation between implicit WSC task and general intelligence. Within this context, this study is important to draw attention to the contribution of implicit memory measurement which is in the shadow of traditional explicit memory measurements to general intelligence, especially in older population.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande (2019). "Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age", Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 198-208.
Are General Intelligence and Implicit Memory Related?: The Effect of Age
(2019-12) Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
This study investigated the relationship between general intelligence and implicit memory performance in conjunction with aging. Data have been collected from 95 volunteers (49 young-46 older adults). General intelligence was measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test. Participants’ implicit memory performance was measured by the Word Stem Completion (WSC) task, in which the participants were presented with first three letters of a word and asked to complete this stem with the first word that comes to their mind. Explicit memory performance was also measured to be able to make a comparison with implicit memory performance and to document the differentiation between implicit and explicit memory. Although the same WSC task was used to measure implicit and explicit memory performance separately, the different instructions were used to deduce the different memory types. According to the results of factorial ANOVA, the main effect of age on general intelligence score was found to be statistically significant. After running further analyses by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, results indicated that RSPM test total correct score had a tendency to decrease with increasing age and RSPM test completion time had a tendency to increase with aging. Results also showed that implicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated. Similarly, explicit WSC task score and RSPM test total correct score were positively correlated, too. However, RSPM test completion time did not differ depending on implicit and explicit memory performances which were measured by WSC task. The present study indicated the relation between implicit WSC task and general intelligence. Within this context, this study is important to draw attention to the contribution of implicit memory measurement which is in the shadow of traditional explicit memory measurements to general intelligence, especially in older population.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande. "Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Bellek Süreçleri", Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu: Ruh Sağlığı Çalışanları, Alan Uzmanları, Öğrenciler ve Aileler İçin Kuramdan Uygulamaya, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, pp. 48-64, (2019).
Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Bellek Süreçleri
(Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2019-12) Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Citation Count: Sayınta, Senanur; Koçak, Hatice Nur; Kaynak, Hande. (2022). "Direct and indirect relationships between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress: The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies", Klinik Psikiyatrı Dergisi, Vol.25, No.3, pp.260-269.
Direct and indirect relationships between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress: The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies
(2022) Sayınta, Senanur; Koçak, Hatice Nur; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Objective: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are remarkable on individuals' mental health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an increase in mental health problems and psychological distress in uninfected healthy people. The present study aimed to examine the mediator role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regula-tion strategies in the relationship between cognitive fle-xibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress experienced during the current pandemic. Method: The sample consisted of 351 young adults (86% female and 14% male) who were not infected with COVID-19 aged between 18 to 25 years old. Participants completed the self-report questionnaires, including the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and COVID-19 Related Psychological Distress Scale. Mediation analysis estimated total, indi-rect, and direct effects between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19 related psychological distress. Results: The correlation analyses showed that cognitive flexibility -control dimension was negatively associated with both COVID-19 related psychological distress and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Also, maladap-tive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and COVID-19 related psychological distress was found to be posi-tively correlated. In the study sample, the results of the bootstrap mediation indicated that maladaptive cogni-tive emotion regulation strategies, including self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others, fully mediated the relationship between cogni-tive flexibility -control and COVID-19 related psycholog-ical distress. Discussion: Our findings would help psy-chological interventions designed for COVID-19 unin-fected healthy people who have lower-level cognitive flexibility -control dimension by highlighting the promi-nence that the fewer people use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, the less they feel COVID-19 related psychological distress.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande; Aydın, Ö. (2021). "Duygunun Tanıma Belleğini Artırımı Üzerine Bir Derleme: Duygusal Uyaranların Neden Olduğu Tepki Yanlılığı ve Bağlam", Nesne Dergisi, Vol.9, No.22, pp.925-937.
Duygunun Tanıma Belleğini Artırımı Üzerine Bir Derleme: Duygusal Uyaranların Neden Olduğu Tepki Yanlılığı ve Bağlam
(2021) Kaynak, Hande; Aydın, Öykü; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Mevcut çalışmanın amacı, duygunun tanıma belleği üzerindeki etkisine yönelik yapılmış alanyazındaki araştırmaların derlenmesiyle konunun ana hatlarının sunulması ve duygu-bellek etkileşimi konusuyla ilişkili dikkat çeken noktaları öne çıkararak, araştırma alanıyla ilgili gelecekteki çalışmalar için bazı hususları ele almaktır. Alanyazındaki çok sayıda çalışma, duygu içerikli uyaranların nötr eşdeğerlerine göre daha iyi hatırlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yaygın bulgudan yola çıkarak, mevcut çalışmada, konuyla ilgili alanyazındaki çalışmalar, duyguyu tanımlayan ve açıklamaya çalışan çeşitli yaklaşımlar, duygunun farklı yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde tanımlanan boyutlarının tanıma belleği üzerindeki etkisine yönelik sonuçlar, duygunun bellek performansında neden olabileceği tepki yanlılıklarına dair bulgular da dâhil edilerek derlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, bellek performansını etkileyen faktörün yalnızca duygu içerikli uyaranların boyutlarından kaynaklı olmadığını, duygusal uyaranların oluşturduğu bağlam içerisinde bellek performansının olumlu yönde etkilendiğini kanıtlayan ampirik araştırmalar aktarılmıştır. Ek olarak, duygusal belleğin laboratuvar ortamında nasıl çalışıldığı ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda duygu-bellek etkileşimini kontrollü laboratuvar ortamında çalışmak amacıyla geliştirilen veri tabanlarından ve özellikle Türkiye’de yürütülecek araştırmalar için geliştirilen ve kullanıma açılan veri tabanı norm çalışmalarından bahsedilmiştir. Özetlemek gerekirse, mevcut derleme kapsamında geçmiş çalışmalar incelendiğinde, duygu ve tanıma belleği etkileşimini araştırırken daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde edebilmek için, duygunun neden olduğu tepki yanlılığı, duygusal bağlam ve duygusal uyaran türü gibi faktörlerin gelecek çalışmalarda dikkate alınması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Citation Count: Üste, Aleyna Nur; Kaynak, H. (2022). "Examining the Effects of Chronic Pain on Memory Processes within the Framework of the Biopsychosocial Model", Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.12, pp.249-260.
Examining the Effects of Chronic Pain on Memory Processes within the Framework of the Biopsychosocial Model
(2022) Üste, Aleyna Nur; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Matematik Bölümü
Chronic pain, one of the most common types of pain, has been linked to impaired cognitive abilities such as memory difficulties. The current article aims to provide a review of studies examining how the biological, psychological, and social components affect memory in patients with chronic pain. Studies have found that chronic pain patients mostly complain about memory deficits, and the biopsychosocial model is widely used to better understand why these patients have such deficits. The biopsychosocial model also enables each patient to cope with cognitive and behavioral difficulties by developing a unique intervention model. First, the biological component of model argues that chronic pain causes biological changes in patients and negatively affects cognitive processes, such as attention and memory. Second, the psychological component discusses the comorbidities such as depression and anxiety disorder caused by chronic pain and investigates how they influence memory performance. Third, the social component suggests that patients experience adverse impacts of chronic pain due to several impairments, such as increased healthcare costs, and insufficient sleep. The review concludes that memory performance in patients with chronic pain is affected by the biological, psychological, and social components, and these components interact with each other and cause impairments in memory.
Citation Count: Kaynak, H.; Turan, A.; Demir,,Y. (2022). "Locus of Control as a Mediator of the Relationships Between Motivational Systems and Trait Anxiety", Psychological Reports.
Locus of Control as a Mediator of the Relationships Between Motivational Systems and Trait Anxiety
(2022) Kaynak, Hande; Turan, Aysu; Demir, Yağmur; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, first proposed by Gray and later revised, describes three motivational systems: Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioral Activation System (BAS), and Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS). Studies have shown that high BIS and FFFS activation are positively related to anxiety symptoms, yet the relationship between BAS and anxiety remains unclear. Research data have also suggested that anxiety symptoms occur with the loss of perceived control. Thus, although studies on the direct effect of locus of control (LOC) on trait anxiety have accumulated for many years, the issue of how LOC may mediate the relationship between BIS/BAS/FFFS sensitivity and anxiety has not been addressed. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of LOC orientation on trait anxiety among young adults in association with these three motivational systems. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 422 volunteers. The BIS/BAS Scale, Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Rotter’s Internal-External LOC Scale were applied. A series of mediation analyses were performed to estimate total, indirect, and direct effects. The results showed that BIS and FFFS positively predicted trait anxiety. In addition, LOC positively predicted trait anxiety and BIS. The results of the mediation analyses indicated that LOC functioned as a partial mediator between BIS and trait anxiety. This finding revealed that a high BIS level, one of the motivational systems, was associated with external LOC, which in turn contributed to reporting high trait anxiety in young adults. Hence, BIS and external LOC orientation could be suggested as risk factors for trait anxiety. As the external LOC orientation of individuals with high punishment sensitivity increased, their trait anxiety levels also increased. Therefore, it was suggested that it might be useful to be aware that LOC orientations of individuals with BIS sensitivity may pose a risk for trait anxiety.
Citation Count: Aydın, Öykü; Cengil, Betül Beyza; Kaynak, Hande (2021). "Losing the Life: A Review on Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer's Disease", Studies in Psychology-Psikoloji Calışmaları Dergisi, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 61-81.
Losing the Life: A Review on Autobiographical Memory in Alzheimer's Disease
(2021) Aydın, Öykü; Cengil, Betül Beyza; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen - Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia among older adults, is a progressive and neurodegenerative brain disease. AD is characterized by progressive memory impairments, but not other types of dementia. Autobiographical memory (AM) is defined as episodes recollected from individuals' life, and it is one of the memory systems impaired in AD. One consequence of AM decline in AD is difficulties in the retrieval of recent AMs rather than past ones. AM contains both episodic and semantic components, and it is crucial for self-concept. The aim of the present study is to review the current understanding of AM in people with AD. In the introduction part of the review, AD and its cognitive correlates are presented in detail, with how AM performance is important for the self. In the second part of the review, AM deteriorations in patients with AD are discussed. Factors, such as emotion and olfaction, affecting AM are mentioned along with the neural substrates. In this regard, the effect of the emotional dimension (e.g., valence) on the formation and retrieval of AMs is discussed and how AM is studied with olfactory stimuli is presented, respectively. Studies on the link between AM and emotion have shown that there is a positive shift of AM in AD, indicating that patients with AD remember their AMs more positively. In addition, olfactory stimuli evoke more AMs than verbal and visual stimuli. The conclusion section of the current review is devoted to some recommendations that might guide future research. For instance, stage-by-stage investigation of AM in AD and the comparison of them in relation to relevant variables could be one way of providing detailed findings on the nature of AM in AD.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande, ""Relations Among Emotional Mood State Personality Dimensions and Social Desirability in Older Adults", Turkish Journal Of Geriatrics-Turk Geriatri Dergisi, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 596-606, (2018).
Relations Among Emotional Mood State Personality Dimensions and Social Desirability in Older Adults
(Güneş Kitabevi LTD. STI., 2018) Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen - Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that older adults report higher levels of positive affect (PA). Studies in the context of the five-factor model of personality have also noted the age-related changes in personality. However, the possible influence of personality on emotional state needs further investigation in older adulthood. This study examines relations among personality traits, social desirability, and positive/negative affectivity in conjunction with aging. Materials and Method: A total of 123 volunteers (62 young and 61 older adults) was participated in the study. A cross-design was used with consecutive sampling. All participants had higher education. Participants completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule as a measure of emotional state. Thereafter, they rated the degree to which each item described themselves on the Five-Factor Personality Inventory, which measures personality dimensions and social desirability. Results: Independent t-tests were conducted to compare young and older adults in terms of affectivity and personality. Findings revealed that older adults reported less negative affect (NA) compared with young adults. Older adults scored higher on agreeableness, conscientiousness, and social desirability, whereas young adults scored higher on extraversion and neuroticism. Based on correlational results, neuroticism was negatively correlated with extraversion, social desirability, and PA in older adults. Analyses of variance showed that conscientiousness, neuroticism, and social desirability impacted positive/negative affectivity. Conclusion: The results indicated that neuroticism proved to be the most important factor on emotional well-being. Older adults low on neuroticism experienced less NA. Furthermore, conscientiousness and social desirability had strong effects on PA indicating that the age-related differences found in affectivity might not only be attributable to age-related changes in personality, but also partly attributable to age-related increases in social desirability.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande (2023). "Relations between cognitive knowledge and emotion regulation: Mediating role of cognitive flexibility", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, p. 218.
Relations between cognitive knowledge and emotion regulation: Mediating role of cognitive flexibility
(2023-12) Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen - Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande; Gökçay, Didem, "Response bias shift for positive words in older adults in a surprise recognition memory task: an incidental encoding study", Turkish Journal Of Geriatrics-Turk Geriatri Dergisi, Vol.20, No.4, pp.331-343, (2017).
Response bias shift for positive words in older adults in a surprise recognition memory task: an incidental encoding study
(Güneş Kitabevi LTD. STI., 2017) Kaynak, Hande; Gökçay, Didem; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Introduction: Although the advantages of positive words on memory enhancement have been documented, the specific effects of the two prominent emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) under incidental encoding require further investigation. The objective is to study memory accuracy and response bias for positive/negative and highly/medium arousing words in a surprise old/new recognition memory paradigm under incidental encoding. Materials and Method: 113 volunteers (60 young, 53 older) participated. Emotional words were presented on a computer screen and participants were instructed to count vowels in the incidental encoding phase. After a 30-minute retention interval, participants' memory was assessed with a surprise old/new recognition memory task. Results: A 2x3x2 mixed analysis of variance was conducted. Memory accuracy (using d' scores) and response bias (using criterion scores) were the dependent variables in Signal Detection Theory. Older adults had a significant bias (p < 0.05) responding "yes" to positive words, indicating that they had seen these words beforehand; their memory accuracy did not differ in terms of valence. Conclusion: Older participants emphasize positive words more than negative words. When considering incidental encoding, this age-related change suggests that older participants regulate their emotion in favor of maintaining their well-being. Our study indicates the importance of disentangling age-related factors from the memory performance metrics.
Citation Count: Kaynak, Hande; Erdeniz, Burak (2019). "The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Variables of Attention in Healthy Adults", Current Approaches in Psychiatry, Vol. 11, pp. 79-90.
The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Variables of Attention in Healthy Adults
(2019) Kaynak, Hande; Erdeniz, Burak; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
The aim of present study is to examine the effect of neurofeedback training on attentional processes in two groups of healthy adult participants. During the experiment, participants in the experimental group were required to complete two puzzles displayed on the computer screen while having neurofeedback training. During this procedure, performance on the puzzles was based on participants’ brain activity that was recorded from the Cz area. Moreover, before and after completion of seven neurofeedback sessions, Stroop task was used to measure selective attention performance. Results for the Stroop task showed that although there was a significant reaction time difference before and after the neurofeedback training, there was no significant main effect of group (experimental vs. control group). Furthermore, the reaction time to complete the puzzles across the sessions did not differ significantly between the experimental and the control group. Improving the training program by increasing the number of training sessions and employing a more attention-demanding task in the training sessions might have resulted in an expected effect of neurofeedback
Citation Count: Aydin, Oyku; Kaynak, H. (2021). "The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between metacognition and psychologicalhealth:Astudyinanon-clinicalsample", The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, Vol.34, No.4, pp.320-328.
The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between metacognition and psychologicalhealth:Astudyinanon-clinicalsample
(2021) Aydin, Oyku; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Objective: Metacognition is a concept that refers to the awareness and control of individuals’ cognitive processes. In this regard, metacognitive processes may promote cognitive flexibility. The present study investigates the impact of metacognitions on adults’ psychological health and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility through bootstrap analysis. Method: The sample comprised of 212 university students. All volunteers had no history of psychiatric/neurological disorders and no use of medication affecting the central nervous system for the last six months. Participants were required to complete the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, the General Health Questionnaire-12, and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory via an online survey. Results: According to the correlation analyses, cognitive flexibility was found to be negatively correlated with dysfunctional metacognition (r=-0.227, p<0.01) and poor psychological health (r=-0.397, p<0.01); dysfunctional metacognition was positively correlated with poor psychological health (r=0.399, p<0.01). We conducted mediation analyses via the bootstrapping method using a 95% confidence interval and 5000 bootstrap samples. The results showed that cognitive flexibility had a significant partial mediating role in the relationship between metacognition and psychological health [R2=0.26, F(2, 209)=36.38, p<0.001]. Conclusion: The findings highlighted the importance of cognitive flexibility as an underlying mechanism through the relationship between metacognition and psychological health in a non-clinical sample. The results suggested the need to take “cognitive health” into account while attempting to promote “psychological health.”
Citation Count: Çağlar, Elçin; Kaynak, Hande. (2021). "Working memory functions in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A review", Journal Of Clinical Psychology Research, Vol.5, No.2, pp.202-212.
Working memory functions in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A review
(2021) Çağlar, Elçin; Kaynak, Hande; 101097; Çankaya Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü
Autism spectrum disorder, one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, is a lifelong condition, especially with difficulties in social communication, limited interest, and repetitive behavior. Working memory, as a basic executive function, is a cognitive process also associated with impulse control, inhibition, organization, mental flexibility, focusing on one's attention, planning, responding to new situations, initiating and monitoring actions, problem solving, and goal-directed behaviors. Studies suggest that working memory impairments are associated with repetitive behaviors, and the risk for academic failure observed in autism spectrum disorder, and other neurodevelopmental disorders. From this point of view, working memory deficits are often found in neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in autism spectrum disorder. In the current study, following an introduction to autism and working memory, working memory functions associated with autism spectrum disorder were reviewed in detail. In this context, brain imaging studies highlighting the importance of frontal lobe functions, links between repetitive behaviors and working memory, and age differences in working memory functions were summarized. Next, working memory deficits in other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pervasive developmental disorder were discussed in comparison with autism. Finally, the conclusion part of the current review tried to provide a contribution to future studies.

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