PubMed İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12416/8650

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Citation - WoS: 34
Adaptive Fractional-Order Blood Glucose Regulator Based on High-Order Sliding Mode Observer
(inst Engineering Technology-iet, 2019) Heydarinejad, Hamid; Baleanu, Dumitru; Delavari, Hadi; 56389; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Type I diabetes is described by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas. Hence, exogenous insulin administration is necessary for Type I diabetes patients. In this study, to estimate the states that are not directly available from the Bergman minimal model a high-order sliding mode observer is proposed. Then fractional calculus is combined with sliding mode control (SMC) for blood glucose regulation to create more robustness performance and make more degree of freedom and flexibility for the proposed method. Then an adaptive fractional-order SMC is proposed. The adaptive SMC protect controller against disturbance and uncertainties while the fractional calculus provides robust performance. Numerical simulation verifies that the proposed controllers have better performance in the presence of disturbance and uncertainties without chattering.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Age-Related Decline in Source and Associative Memory
(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Sumer, Erdi; Kaynak, Hande; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
This review explores the multifaceted nature of age-related decline in source memory and associative memory. The review highlights the potential effects of age-related decline in these types of memory. By integrating insights from behavioral, cognitive, and neuroscientific research, it examines how encoding, retrieval, and neural mechanisms influence this decline. Understanding these processes is critical to alleviate memory decline in older adults. Directing attention to source information during encoding, employing unitization techniques to strengthen memory associations, and utilizing metacognitive strategies to focus on relevant details show promise in enhancing memory retrieval for older adults. However, the review acknowledges limitations in processing resources and executive function, necessitating a nuanced approach to the complexities of age-related decline. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of understanding the complexities of age-related source and associative memory decline and the potential benefits of specific cognitive strategies. It emphasizes the need for continued research on age-related memory function to improve the quality of life for aging populations.
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 23
Alternative Interpretation of the Edge-Diffraction Phenomenon
(Optical Soc Amer, 2008) Umul, Yusuf Z.; 42699; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
An alternative interpretation of the phenomenon of edge diffraction is proposed according to a new separation of the Fresnel function. The subfields are investigated in the problem of diffraction of a plane wave by a perfectly conducting half-plane, and the results are compared numerically with other interpretations. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 18
Citation - Scopus: 24
Analysis for Fractional-Order Predator-Prey Model With Uncertainty
(inst Engineering Technology-iet, 2019) Baleanu, Dumitru; Thangapandi, Kalidas; Perera, Shyam Sanjeewa Nishantha; Narayanamoorthy, Samayan; 56389; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Here, the authors analyse the fractional-order predator-prey model with uncertainty, due to the vast applications in various ecological systems. The most of the ecological model do not have exact analytic solution, so they proposed a numerical technique for an approximate solution. In the proposed method, they have implemented the higher order term into the fractional Euler method to enhance the precise solution. Further, the present attempt is aimed to discuss the solutions of the FPPM with uncertainty (fuzzy) initial conditions. The initial conditions of the predator-prey model were taken as fuzzy initial conditions due to the fact that the ecological model highly depends on uncertain parameters such as growth/decay rate, climatic conditions, and chemical reactions. Finally, the numerical example manifest that the proposed method is authentic, applicable, easy to use from a computational viewpoint and the acquired outcomes are balanced with the existing method (HPM), which shows the efficiency of the proposed method.
Citation - WoS: 36
Citation - Scopus: 43
Annular Beam Scintillations in Strong Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2010) Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, Yahya; Nakiboglu, Cem; 7812; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
A scintillation index formulation for annular beams in strong turbulence is developed that is also valid in moderate and weak turbulence. In our derivation, a modified Rytov solution is employed to obtain the small-scale and large-scale scintillation indices of annular beams by utilizing the amplitude spatial filtering of the atmospheric spectrum. Our solution yields only the on-axis scintillation index for the annular beam and correctly reduces to the existing strong turbulence results for the Gaussian beam-thus plane and spherical wave scintillation indices-and also correctly yields the existing weak turbulence annular beam scintillations. Compared to collimated Gaussian beam, plane, and spherical wave scintillations, collimated annular beams seem to be advantageous in the weak regime but lose this advantage in strongly turbulent atmosphere. It is observed that the contribution of annular beam scintillations comes mainly from the small-scale effects. At a fixed primary beam size, the scintillations of thinner collimated annular beams compared to thicker collimated annular beams are smaller in moderate turbulence but larger in strong turbulence; however, thinner annular beams of finite focal length have a smaller scintillation index than the thicker annular beams in strong turbulence. Decrease in the focal length decreases the annular beam scintillations in strong turbulence. Examining constant area annular beams, smaller primary sized annular structures have larger scintillations in moderate but smaller scintillations in strong turbulence. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 387
Citation - Scopus: 426
Anomalous Diffusion Expressed Through Fractional Order Differential Operators in the Bloch-Torrey Equation
(Academic Press inc Elsevier Science, 2008) Abdullah, Osama; Baleanu, Dumitru; Zhou, Xiaohong Joe; Magin, Richard L.; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Diffusion weighted MRI is used clinically to detect and characterize neurodegenerative, malignant and ischemic diseases. The correlation between developing pathology and localized diffusion relies on d iffusi on -weighted pulse sequences to probe biophysical models of molecular diffusion-typically exp[-(bD)]-where D is the apparent diffusion coefficient (turn (2)/s) and b depends on the specific gradient pulse sequence parameters. Several recent studies have investigated the so-called anomalous diffusion stretched exponential model-exp[-(bD)(alpha)], where alpha is a measure of tissue complexity that can be derived from fractal models of tissue structure. In this paper we propose an alternative derivation for the stretched exponential model using fractional order space and time derivatives. First, we consider the case where the spatial Laplacian in the Bloch-Torrey equation is generalized to incorporate a fractional order Brownian model of diffusivity. Second, we consider the case where the time derivative in the Bloch-Torrey equation is replaced by a Riemann-Liouville fractional order time derivative expressed in the Caputo form. Both cases revert to the classical results for integer order operations. Fractional order dynamics derived for the first case were observed to fit the signal attenuation in diffusion-weighted images obtained from Sephadex gels, human articular cartilage and human brain. Future developments of this approach may be useful for classifying anomalous diffusion in tissues with developing pathology. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 25
Citation - Scopus: 25
Aperture Averaging in Multiple-Input Single-Output Free-Space Optical Systems Using Partially Coherent Radial Array Beams
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya; Uysal, Murat; Gokce, Muhsin Caner; 28643; 7812; 124615; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques are employed in free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, for the MISO FSO system, a partially coherent radial array and a finite-sized receiver aperture are used at the transmitter and the receiver, respectively. Using the extended Huygens - Fresnel principle, we formulate the average power and the power correlation at the finite-sized slow detector in weak atmospheric turbulence. System performance indicators such as the power scintillation index and the aperture averaging factor are determined. Effects of the source size, ring radius, receiver aperture radius, link distance, and structure constant and the degree of source coherence are analyzed on the performance of the MISO FSO system. In the limiting cases, the numerical results are found to be the same when compared to the existing coherent and partially coherent Gaussian beam scintillation indices. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 8
Apertured Paraxial Bessel Beams
(Optical Soc Amer, 2010) Umul, Yusuf Z.; 42699; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The paraxial Bessel beam is obtained by applying an approximation in the wavenumbers. The scattering of the beams by a circular aperture in an absorbing screen is investigated. The scattered fields are expressed in terms of the Fresnel integrals by evaluating the Kirchhoff diffraction integral in the paraxial approximation. The results are examined numerically. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 30
Citation - Scopus: 31
Bit Error Rate of Pulse Position Modulated Optical Wireless Communication Links in Oceanic Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2018) Baykal, Yahya; 7812; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The upper bound of the average bit error rate (BER) of a pulse position modulated (PPM) optical wireless communication (OWC) link operating in oceanic turbulence is formulated. BER variations against the changes in the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid are found at various data bit rates, average current gains of the avalanche photodiode (APD), and M values of the M-ary PPM. It is found that under any oceanic turbulence parameters, BER performance of the PPM OWC system becomes favorable at smaller data bit rates, M values, and at larger average current gains of APD. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 29
Citation - Scopus: 38
Chemometric Determination of Naproxen Sodium and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride in Tablets by Hplc
(Pharmaceutical Soc Japan, 2006) Özdemir, A; Aksoy, H; Üstündag, Ö; Baleanu, D; Dinç, E; 6981; 26096; 105547; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi
A new chemometric determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detection was implemented for the simultaneous determination of naproxen sodium and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in tablets. Three chemometric calibration techniques, classical least squares (CLS), principle component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) were applied to the peak area at multiwavelength PDA detector responses. The combinations of HPLC with chernometric calibration techniques were called HPLC-CLS, HPLC-PCR and HPLC-PLS. For comparison purposes the HPLC method called the classic HPLC method was used to confirm the results obtained from combined HPLC-chemometric calibration techniques. A good chromatographic separation between two drugs with losartan potassium as an internal standard was achieved using a Waters Symmetry (R) C18 Column 5 mu m 4.6 +/- 250 mm and a mobile phase containing 0.2 m acetate buffer and acetonitrile (v/v, 40 : 60). The multiwavelength PDA detection was measured at five different wavelengths. The chromatograms were recorded as a training set in the mobile phase. Three HPLC-chemometric calibrations and the classic-HPLC method were used to test the synthetic mixtures of naproxen sodium and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in the presence of the internal standard. The HPLC-chemometric approaches were applied to real samples containing drugs of interest. The experimental results obtained from HPLC-chemometric calibrations were compared with those obtained by a classic HPLC method.
Citation - WoS: 33
Citation - Scopus: 42
Clinoptilolite/Pcl-peg-pcl Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2017) Pazarceviren, Engin; Erdemli, Ozge; Keskin, Dilek; Tezcaner, Aysen; 163717; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize highly porous clinoptilolite/poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) composite scaffolds. Scaffolds with different clinoptilolite contents (10% and 20%) were fabricated with reproducible solvent-free powder compression/particulate leaching technique. The scaffolds had interconnective porosity in the range of 55-76%. Clinoptilolite/poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds showed negligible degradation within eight weeks and displayed less water uptake and higher bioactivity than poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds. The presence of clinoptilolite improved the mechanical properties. Highest compressive strength (5.6 MPa) and modulus (114.84 MPa) were reached with scaffold group containing 20% clinoptilolite. In vitro protein adsorption capacity of the scaffolds was also higher for clinoptilolite/poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds. These scaffolds had 0.95 mg protein/g scaffold adsorption capacity and also higher osteoinductivity in terms of enhanced ALP, OSP activities and intracellular calcium deposition. Stoichiometric apatite deposition (Ca/P = 1.686) was observed during cellular proliferation analysis with human fetal osteoblasts cells. Thus, it can be suggested that clinoptilolite/poly(epsilon-caprolactone)poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) composite scaffolds could be promising carriers for enhancement of bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering applications.
Citation - WoS: 16
Citation - Scopus: 16
Comparative Application of Wavelet Approaches To Absorption and Ratio Spectra for the Simultaneous Determination of Diminazene Aceturate and Phenazone in Veterinary Granules for Injection
(Govi-verlag Pharmazeutischer verlag Gmbh, 2005) Dinç, E; Baleanu, Dumitru; Kanbur, M; Baleanu, D; 6981; 36107; Matematik; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
A comparison of two wavelet approaches, Daubechies and reverse Biorthogonal, is described for the quantitative resolution of a binary mixture of diminazene aceturate (DIMA) and phenazone (PHE) in veterinary granules for injection without any chemical separation. These two approaches were specified as db4 (a = 180) and rbior3.7 (a = 125) respectively, after testing the signal analysis parameters for the overlapping absorption spectra and ratio spectra. In the first step db4 (a = 180) was applied to the original absorbance data vector of DIMA and PHE. In the second step rbio3.7 (a = 125) was applied to the ratio spectra data vectors of DIMA using the divisor PHE. The same approach was also subjected to the ratio spectra of PHE using the divisor DIMA. The db4 (a = 180) and rbior3.7 (a = 125) calibration graphs were constructed using the transformation values obtained in the wavelet domain. In the method validation, the wavelet calibration functions were tested using synthetic mixtures and the standard addition technique. The simultaneous quantitative analysis of DIMA and PHE in the commercial veterinary preparation was achieved by the elaborated methods. The assay results were compared with each other and good agreement was observed.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
A Comparison of Crystal Phenol Treatment, Midline Primary Closure and Limberg Flap Reconstruction Methods in Female Patients With Primary Pilonidal Sinus Disease
(Edizioni Luigi Pozzi, 2021) Kanlioz, Murat; Uyanikoglu, Hacer; Ekici, Ugur; Karatas, Turgay; Tatli, Faik; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is a chronic problem often occurs in healthy hirsute men, however, women may also be affected. A range of conservative techniques to surgical flaps have been used to treat this condition. Currently, midline primary closure (MPC) is considered the standard of therapy; however, no statistically significant difference has been noted between primary versus secondary (Karydakis flap or Limberg flap) closure. Recently, flap reconstruction methods have been applied and superiority of these methods have been shown. Treatment methods should be employed to the individual, taking into account recurrence and complication rates of the method, recovery time, patients' preference and surgeon's skill.
Citation - WoS: 17
Citation - Scopus: 19
Competitive Analysis for Stochastic Influenza Model With Constant Vaccination Strategy
(inst Engineering Technology-iet, 2019) Raza, Ali; Rafiq, Muhammad; Arif, Muhammad Shoaib; Ali, Muhammad Asghar; Baleanu, Dumitru; 56389; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
This manuscript discusses a competitive analysis of stochastic influenza model with constant vaccination strategy. The stochastic influenza model is comparatively more pragmatic versus the deterministic influenza model. The effect of influenza generation number holds in the stochastic model. If the value of this number is less than one, this situation will help us to control the disease in a population. A greater than one value of this threshold number shows the persistence of disease to become endemic. The proposed structure for the stochastic influenza model as stochastic non-standard finite difference scheme conserve all vital characteristics like positivity, boundedness and dynamical consistency defined by Mickens.
Citation - WoS: 27
Citation - Scopus: 27
Competitive Numerical Analysis for Stochastic Hiv/Aids Epidemic Model in a Two-Sex Population
(inst Engineering Technology-iet, 2019) Rafiq, Muhammad; Baleanu, Dumitru; Shoaib Arif, Muhammad; Naveed, Muhammad; Ashraf, Kaleem; Raza, Ali; 56389; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
This study is an attempt to explain a reliable numerical analysis of a stochastic HIV/AIDS model in a two-sex population considering counselling and antiretroviral therapy (ART). The authors are comparing the solutions of the stochastic and deterministic HIV/AIDS epidemic model. Here, an endeavour has been made to explain the stochastic HIV/AIDS epidemic model is comparatively more pragmatic in contrast with the deterministic HIV/AIDS epidemic model. The effect of threshold number H* holds on the stochastic HIV/AIDS epidemic model. If H* < 1 then condition helps us to control disease in a two-sex human population while H* > 1 explains the persistence of disease in the two-sex human population. Lamentably, numerical methods such as Euler-Maruyama, stochastic Euler, and stochastic Runge-Kutta do not work for large time step sizes. The recommended structure preserving framework of the stochastic non-standard finite difference (SNSFD) scheme conserve all vital characteristics such as positivity, boundedness, and dynamical consistency defined by Mickens. The effectiveness of counselling and ART may control HIV/AIDS in a two-sex population.
Citation - WoS: 64
Citation - Scopus: 70
Complex Degree of Coherence for Partially Coherent General Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2007) Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; Cai, Yangjian; 7688; 7812; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
With the use of the general beam formulation, the modulus of the complex degree of coherence for partially coherent cosh-Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, Gaussian, annular and higher-order Gaussian optical beams is evaluated in atmospheric turbulence. For different propagation lengths in horizontal atmospheric links, the moduli of the complex degree of coherence at the source and receiver planes are examined when reference points are taken on the receiver axis and off-axis. In the on-axis case, it is observed that in propagation, the moduli of the complex degree of coherence are symmetrical and look like the intensity profile of the related coherent beam propagating in a turbulent atmosphere. For all the beams considered, the moduli of the complex degree of coherence profiles turn into Gaussian shapes beyond certain propagation lengths. In the off-axis case, the moduli of complex degree of coherence patterns become drifted at the earlier propagation lengths. Among the beams investigated, the cos-Gaussian beam is found to be almost independent of the changes in the source partial coherence parameter, and the annular beam seems to be affected the most against the variations of the source partial coherence parameter. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 14
Continuous Wavelet Transformation Applied To the Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Two-Component Mixtures
(Govi-verlag Pharmazeutischer verlag Gmbh, 2004) Dinç, E; Baleanu, Dumitru; Baleanu, D; Üstündag, Ö; Aboul-Enein, HY; 56389; Matematik; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
In this paper we developed a graphical method based on Haar (HA) and Mexican (MEX) one-dimensional continuous wavelet transforms and we applied it to a mixture of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and spironolactone (SP) in the presence of strongly overlapping signals. Keeping in mind to obtain an appropriately transformed spectrum, we tested several values of the scaling parameter a and the point number of the analysed spectrum in the concentration range of 2-22 mug/ml for both active compounds. The optimal values of the scale parameters and the corresponding frequencies were found to be a = 32 and 0.031 for HA and a = 30 and 0.008 for MEX corresponding to 400 points. HA and MEX methods based on a zero crossing technique were applied to the analysed signal and their regression lines at the selected points were obtained. The validation of the above methods was carried out by analysing different synthetic mixtures containing HCT and SP. MATLAB 6.5. Software was used for one-dimensional wavelet analysis and the basic concepts about wavelet method were briefly explained. The method developed in this paper is rapid, easy to apply, inexpensive and is suitable for analysing the overlapping signals of compounds in their mixtures without any chemical pre-treatment.
Citation - WoS: 85
Citation - Scopus: 85
Correlation and Structure Functions of Hermite-Sinusoidal Laser Beams in a Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2004) Baykal, Y; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
To study the performance of atmospheric optical links by using Hermite-sinusoidal-Gaussian laser beam sources, we derive the log-amplitude and the phase correlation and structure functions of such beams in a turbulent atmosphere. Our formulations correctly reduce to the known higher-order mode correlation and structure functions, which in turn reduce to the fundamental-mode (TEM00-mode) results. Several special cases of our formulation are presented, among which the case involving Hermite-cosh-Gaussian dependence is especially noted, since this case is of interest to us owing to the nature of cosh dependence exhibiting the concentration of the energy in the outer lobes of the beam. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 5
Correlation of Multimode Fields in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Optica Publishing Group, 2023) Gokce, Muhsin Caner; Ata, Yalcin; Gercekcioglu, Hamza; Baykal, Yahya; 7812; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Multimode field correlations are evaluated in atmospheric turbulence. High order field correlations are special cases of the results that we obtained in this paper. Field correlations are presented for various numbers of mul- timodes, various multimode contents of the same number of modes, and various high order modes versus the diagonal distance from various receiver points, source size, link length, structure constant, and the wavelength. Our results will be of help especially in the design of heterodyne systems operating in turbulent atmosphere and fiber coupling efficiency in systems employing multimode excitation.(c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Correlations of Multimode Optical Incidences in a Turbulent Biological Tissue
(Optica Publishing Group, 2023) Gokce, Muhsin Caner; Gerekcioglu, Hamza; Ata, Yalin; Baykal, Yahya; 7812; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
In a turbulent biological tissue, field correlations at the observation plane are found when a multimode optical incidence is used. For different multimode structures, variations of the multimode field correlations are evaluated against the biological tissue turbulence parameters, i.e., the strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations, fractal dimension, characteristic length of heterogeneity, and the small length-scale factor. Using a chosen multimode content, for specific biological tissue types of liver parenchyma (mouse), intestinal epithelium (mouse), upper dermis (human), and deep dermis (mouse), field correlations are evaluated versus the strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations and small length-scale factor. Again, with a chosen multimode content, behavior of the field correlations is studied against the strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations for various diagonal lengths and the transverse coordinate at the observation plane. Finally, the field correlation versus the strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations is reported for different single modes, which are special cases of multimode excitation. This topic is being reported in the literature for the first time, to our knowledge, and the presented results can be employed in many important biological tissue applications. (c) 2023 Optica Publishing

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