İç Mimarlık Bölümü

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Citation Count: Avcı, A.N.; Akbay, S. (2023). "A Review based on OLED Lighting Conditions and Human Circadian System", Cultura e Scienza del Colore, Vol.15, No.1, pp.7-12.
A Review based on OLED Lighting Conditions and Human Circadian System
(2023) Avcı, Ayşe Nihan; Akbay, Saadet; 237970; 21742
Light is a form of energy that affects the human sleep cycle, working hours, alertness, productivity, and well-being. As one of the essential environmental factors, lighting requires extensive research to understand the human-environment interaction. Earlier studies reveal that various artificial lighting technologies are utilized to investigate the human circadian system; experiments employing solid-state lighting (SSL) sources are still being conducted to determine how the human circadian system is affected. Due to the advantages of OLED (organic light-emitting diode) lighting, there is a need to enhance this form of artificial lighting in an indoor environment. This paper focuses on a literature review on artificial lighting sources, particularly OLED lighting, used from the past to the present. This article also discusses how OLED lighting can influence the human circadian system in terms of different characteristics of lighting in an indoor environment. © 2023, Gruppo del Colore? Associazione Italiana Colore.
Citation Count: Saleh Ahmadi, Reda R.; Akbay, Saadet. (2022). "Assessment of Spatial Factors Influencing User Satisfaction in Quick-Casual Restaurants", Online Journal of Art and Design, Vol:10, No.3.
Assessment of Spatial Factors Influencing User Satisfaction in Quick-Casual Restaurants
(2022) Saleh Ahmadi, Reda R.; Akbay, Saadet; 21742
Users' evaluations of the restaurant environment are influenced by various design factors and their level of satisfaction and comfort, of which colour is an essential component. Several studies in the literature have demonstrated the influence of colour in interior design on human behaviour and psychology in various contexts. This study investigates the spatial factors influencing users' satisfaction in quick-casual restaurants. User satisfaction was measured using four major elements: product, service, price, and physical environment. This study used a questionnaire to assess user satisfaction in four quick-casual restaurants in Ankara, Turkey. The emphasis on colour effects was intended to evaluate the physical environment of the restaurants. The study results, which included the participation of 120 restaurant users, show that participants rated the various restaurant environments in a variety of ways. The assessments provided by the participants are statistically tested for significant differences based on gender, frequency of restaurant usage, and colour properties for both user satisfaction and the evaluation of the physical environment using one-way between groups of variance (ANOVA) (p < 0.05). The findings show that demographics have a limited influence on restaurant user satisfaction, though it varies depending on colour properties. Additionally, the results suggest that the environmental colours of quick-casual restaurants significantly influence user satisfaction, overall satisfaction levels, and the evaluation of the physical environments
Citation Count: Kitapçı, Kıvanç; Akbay, Saadet (2021). "Audio-Visual Interactions and the Influence of Colour on Noise Annoyance Evaluations", Acoustics Australia, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 293-304.
Audio-Visual Interactions and the Influence of Colour on Noise Annoyance Evaluations
(2021) Kitapçı, Kıvanç; Akbay, Saadet; 275153; 21742
This study aims to examine the influence of colour exposure on noise annoyance. Previous studies in the literature have focused mostly on the effects of colour exposure on loudness judgements; however, due to the cognitive nature of multisensory perception, the influence of colour on noise annoyance also needs to be investigated. Our experiments were designed to administer non-information-carrying sound signals (i.e. white noise) and visual stimuli (i.e. abstract colour samples) and to limit visual and auditory contextual information. Participants were asked to evaluate noise annoyance on an 11-point International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN) scale. The experiments were conducted in the form of audio-visual tests. During these tests, random combinations of three white noise sound samples with sound pressure levels of 66 dB(A) (-4 dB[A] acoustic condition), 70 dB(A) (0 dB[A] acoustic condition) and 74 dB(A) (+4 dB[A] acoustic condition), and six visual stimuli, including the elementary colours of the Natural Colour System (NCS)-yellow (Y), red (R), blue (B), green (G), white (W) and black (S)-were presented to a total of 42 participants. The black colour sample was used to measure the audio-only control condition for the three white noise sound samples. The results of the study reveal that the effects of sound, the effects of colour and the interaction effects of colour and sound on perceived noise annoyance were statistically significant. The effects of colour on the loudness evaluations of the previous studies and the effects of colour on noise annoyance evaluations presented in this study show very similar and concordant results, indicating that the effects of colour on noise annoyance depend on the sound pressure level (SPL). The results indicate that the hue contrasts of red-green, red-blue and yellow-blue and the lightness contrast of yellow-blue influenced perceived noise annoyance when the SPL was low or high. Within the contrast pairs, red and yellow were perceived to be annoying, whereas blue and green were perceived to be non-annoying.
Citation Count: Akbay, Saadet; Avcı, Ayşe Nihan (2018). "Color Perception in Correlated Color Temperature of Led Lighting", GRID - Mimarlık, Planlama ve Tasarım Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 139-162.
Color Perception in Correlated Color Temperature of Led Lighting
(2018) Akbay, Saadet; Avcı, Ayşe Nihan; 21742; 237970
Color and light are inseparable entities that are the essential design factors in the field of interior architecture. When the light changes, the perceived color appearance of a surface within an interior environment also changes. The change in color perception is not only related to the type of a light source or the intensity of illumination, but also to the correlated color temperature (CCT) of a light source. The aim of this study is to understand how different CCTs of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting influence the color perception. A study is conducted to compare the perceptive color tendencies for inherent colors under two different CCTs of LED lighting, i.e. warm (2700º K) and cool (4000º K). In the study, Natural Color System (NCS) is utilized as a color notation system to reveal the possible tendencies and patterns concerning the relationship between the inherent and perceived colors. The general tendencies for the perceived colors revealed similar patterns in the nuance (i.e. blackness and chromaticness) color area for each inherent color and showed dispersion on the hue color area under the CCTs of both 2700º K and 4000º K LED lighting.
Citation Count: Akbay, Saadet; Joao João Durão, Maria. "Colour harmony: The ideality of pleasurableness", in Worlds and Frontiers of the Imaginar, CRP Press: Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 193-198, 2017.
Colour harmony: The ideality of pleasurableness
(2017) Akbay, Saadet; Joao João Durão, Maria; 21742
The search for the essence of colour harmony has a long tradition that, being a quest for aesthetic values, remains a contemporary question insofar as it addresses the interrelated issues of both beauty and pleasure. Colour harmony has been discussed in terms of two different points of view. As a measurement of aesthetics, the researches of colour harmony are based on the discovery of its systematic rules by identifying the relationship between colours and its aesthetic value in beauty and harmony. The proportional and orderly arrangements of colours and their relations to mathematics are the main concerns of this first approach. As a measurement of emotion, colour harmony is regarded as subject matter of pleasure, subjective feeling which is peculiar to an individual. Relying on the second approach, many studies have been conducted to identify the reasons behind why colour combinations are perceived as beautiful, pleasant, and harmonious. Thus, this paper is a retrospective review of the literature of colour harmony, its theories, and principles considering the two approaches. The assumption is that, in either case, colour harmony is grounded in a search for the ideality of pleasurableness.
Citation Count: Akbay, Saadet; Börekçi, Naz A. G. Z. (2022). "Construing colours using repertory grid technique: An idiographic approach in colour perception", Color Research and Application, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 329-351.
Construing colours using repertory grid technique: An idiographic approach in colour perception
(2022) Akbay, Saadet; Börekçi, Naz A. G. Z.; 21742
This article offers an alternative methodological approach to the exploration of subjective experiences by studying individuals' personal views of perceived colours. The study aims to investigate the construals of individuals related to perceived colours using an idiographic approach. The subjective approach proposed is based on the theory of personal construct psychology and the methodology of the repertory grid technique. A repertory grid experiment was conducted to determine individuals' ways of construing colours and examine the collective understanding of the content and structure of individuals' construals concerning perceived colours. Sixty undergraduate students participated in the experiment, yielding 60 different repertory grids that included a number of personal constructs indicating the construal process of participants in differentiating between 11 basic colours. Participants produced their own semantic bipolar dimensions for comparing the perceived colours and creating differential ratings according to their personal constructs. The elicited data were evaluated using qualitative content analysis to understand the differences between individual systems of constructs and investigate the commonality of shared constructs relating to colours. The data were also analyzed quantitatively to investigate the common structure of and interrelationship between elicited constructs and perceived colours. The outcomes have the potential to contribute to academic and practical knowledge concerning colour perception, as well as encouraging further studies with an idiographic approach.
Citation Count: Gökmenoğlu, Firdevs; Akbay, Saadet. "Effects of Colour on the Sense of Immersion in Virtual Interior Environments", Conference: AIC 14th Congress, 30 August-3 September 2021At: Milano, Italy, 2021.
Effects of Colour on the Sense of Immersion in Virtual Interior Environments
(2021) Gökmenoğlu, Firdevs; Akbay, Saadet; 21742
This paper investigates the effects of colour on the sense of immersion in virtual interior environments. Since colour in interior environments is vital for the perception of place, the three dimensions of colour, namely hue,saturation, and lightness (HSL), were evaluated as elementsfor transferring colour to virtual environments (VEs). In this context, this study aims to investigate how the sense of immersion in virtual interior environments differs depending on hue, saturation, and lightness and examines the extent to which colour dimensions influence the sense of immersion in VEs. For this, the HSL colour space was utilised to establish varying degrees of colours. An online survey was conducted to understand the people’s sense of immersion in different virtual interior settings. The study’s results suggest that perception of colour influences the sense of immersion in virtual environments.
Citation Count: Ertez Ural, Sibel; Akbay, Saadet; Altay, Burçak (2017). "Progression of color decision making in introductory design education", Color Research & Application, Vol. 42, No. 6.
Heuristic and analytic color decision making in the introductıry design education
(2017) Ertez Ural, Sibel; Akbay, Saadet; Altay, Burçak; 21742
Color comprises both subjective and objective aspects within its contextual nature.Research on color design tends to explore this seemingly contradictory concernsfrom theoretical point of view, as well as architectural and design practice. The aimof this study was to observe subjective, intuitive or heuristic and objective,knowledge-based or analytical attitudes toward color in design education. In thestudy 84 introductory design students were surveyed progressively to understandtheir color decision criteria after completion of three 2-dimensional colored exercises,specific in terms of color education. Students’responses to open-ended questionswere coded according to the 5 categories, under 2 decision making processes derivedfrom the literature; heuristic approach: preferential and symbolic criteria, and ana-lytic reasoning: formal, thematic, and systematic criteria. A distinction betweenassociative and emotional aspects of symbolic criteria was also revealed by the dataanalysis. The findings showed a shift from heuristic responses to analytic reasoning,as expected. Additionally, it is also investigated that students not only used heuristicapproaches but also analytical components (formal and systematic) of color decisionmaking in varying degrees as well, even before any color subjects covered. Thematiccolor decisions became a major part of the students’design considerations upon com-pletion of color subjects. The observed increase in the number of color criteriainterrelated by the students’among almost all categories explicated a complex deci-sion making process particularly in color design and education. These findings wereexpected to lead to some further understanding in color decision making in design.
Citation Count: Avcı, Ayşe Nihan; Akbay, Saadet. "OLED Lighting and Human Circadian System: A Review", AIC 14th Congress, 30 August-3 September 2021, Milano, Italy, pp. 355-360.
OLED Lighting and Human Circadian System: A Review
(2021) Avcı, Ayşe Nihan; Akbay, Saadet; 237970; 21742
Light is a form of energy that affects the human sleep cycle, working hours, alertness, productivity, and well-being. As one of the most essential environmental factors, lighting requires extensive research to understand the human-environment interaction. Earlier studies reveal that various artificial lighting technologies are utilised to investigate the human circadian system; experiments employing solid state lighting (SSL) sources are still being conducted to determine how the human circadian system is affected. Due to the advantages of OLED lighting, there is a need to enhance the use of this form of artificial lighting in an indoor environment. This paper focuses on a literature review on artificial lighting sources, particularly OLED lighting, which has been used from the past to the present. This paper also discusses how OLED lighting can be utilised to alter the human circadian system in an indoor environment.
Citation Count: Urak, Gediz; Dökmeci Yörükoğlu, Papatya Nur; Akbay, Saadet. "Pandemi Sürecinde İç Mimarlık Lisans Eğitim Müfredatının Uzaktan Eğitim Modeline Adaptasyonu: Çankaya Üniversitesi Örneği", Pandemi Sürecinde Güncel Gelişmeler ve Geleceğe Dönük Yaklaşımlar - Tasarım Eğitimi ve Uygulamaları Ulusal Eğitim Sempozyumu, 29-30 Mart 2021, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye, pp. 89-104, 2021.
Pandemi Sürecinde İç Mimarlık Lisans Eğitim Müfredatının Uzaktan Eğitim Modeline Adaptasyonu: Çankaya Üniversitesi Örneği
(2021) Urak, Gediz; Dökmeci Yörükoğlu, Papatya Nur; Akbay, Saadet; 214925; 21742
Çankaya Üniversitesi İç Mimarlık Bölümü, Covid-19 pandemisinin ortaya çıkması ile 30 Mart 2020 tarihi itibariyle eğitime uzaktan eğitim yöntemiyle devam etmek durumunda kalmıştır. Bu süreçte, Bölüm müfredatında yer alan derslerin uzaktan eğitim modeline dönüştürülmesi için yoğun bir çaba harcanmış ve detaylı bir hazırlık süreci yaşanmıştır. Müfredatın değiştirilmeden adapte edilmesi gerekliliği nedeniyle, bu çalışma kapsamında uzaktan eğitime adaptasyon sürecinin kilit aşamaları, eğitimin kalitesi ve sürdürülebilirliği tartışılmış, pandeminin, iç mimarlık eğitim sürecine olan kısa vadeli etkileri ve lisans eğitim müfredatında yapılan adaptasyonları sunulmuştur. Buna ek olarak, pandemi süreci nedeniyle ‘acil uzaktan eğitim’ ve ‘uzaktan eğitim’ şeklinde verilecek olan derslere hazırlık, derslerin işleniş biçimi, sınav uygulamaları, öğrenci başarı durumları ve görüşleri de aktarılmıştır. Öğrencilere uygulanan ön anket sonuçları, öğrencilerin ‘acil uzaktan eğitim’ sürecine katılımlarının elektronik cihaz, program ve internet erişimi konuları kapsamında mümkün olduğunu ve süreci köklü olarak etkileyecek aksaklıkların yaşanmayacağını ortaya koymuştur. Bunun dışında, öğretim elemanlarından alınan ‘uzaktan eğitim’ ile ilgili geri bildirimlerin sonuçları, teorik derslerdeki uzaktan eğitim sürecine adaptasyonun uygulamalı derslere göre belirgin olarak daha kısa sürede ve kolay olduğunu göstermiştir.
Citation Count: Mutlu Tunca, Gülru; Akbay, Saadet; Demirbaş, Ufuk. "Parametric Design Studio in Interior Architecture Education: A Case of Integration of Colour Design", AIC 14th Congress, 30 August-3 September 2021, Milano, Italy, pp. 1091-1096, 2021.
Parametric Design Studio in Interior Architecture Education: A Case of Integration of Colour Design
(2021) Mutlu Tunca, Gülru; Akbay, Saadet; Demirbaş, Ufuk; 21742; 17572
This paper aims to disclose the alternative ways in which the interior architecture students integrate their colour design decisions as one of the main determinants of the project from the beginning of the design process. This revised approach is proposed in the third-year interior design studio course mainly specialises in the parametric design approaches in interior spaces. This paper outlines how colour design is integrated into stages thoroughly in the parametric interior design studio. The main motivation is to maintain a procedure that will make colour design decisions evolve through the whole design process as an integral part of it. This study suggests that producing colour charts from the initial stages of the design process, making colour design decisions for interior environments in 3D visualisations at all stages are critical for improving the student projects and helps them to envision and effectively reflect their atmosphere creations.
Citation Count: Ural, Sibel Ertez; Akbay, Saadet; Altay, Burcak, "Progression of color decision making in introductory design education", Color research and application, Vol.42, No.6, pp.849-860, (2017).
Progression of color decision making in introductory design education
(Wiley, 2017) Ural, Sibel Ertez; Akbay, Saadet; Altay, Burçak; 21742
Color comprises both subjective and objective aspects within its contextual nature. Research on color design tends to explore this seemingly contradictory concerns from theoretical point of view, as well as architectural and design practice. The aim of this study was to observe subjective, intuitive or heuristic and objective, knowledge-based or analytical attitudes toward color in design education. In the study 84 introductory design students were surveyed progressively to understand their color decision criteria after completion of three 2-dimensional colored exercises, specific in terms of color education. Students' responses to open-ended questions were coded according to the 5 categories, under 2 decision making processes derived from the literature; heuristic approach: preferential and symbolic criteria, and analytic reasoning: formal, thematic, and systematic criteria. A distinction between associative and emotional aspects of symbolic criteria was also revealed by the data analysis. The findings showed a shift from heuristic responses to analytic reasoning, as expected. Additionally, it is also investigated that students not only used heuristic approaches but also analytical components (formal and systematic) of color decision making in varying degrees as well, even before any color subjects covered. Thematic color decisions became a major part of the students' design considerations upon completion of color subjects. The observed increase in the number of color criteria interrelated by the students' among almost all categories explicated a complex decision making process particularly in color design and education. These findings were expected to lead to some further understanding in color decision making in design.
Citation Count: Akbay Yenigül, Saadet; Ural, Sibel. "Understanding individuals emotional responses to colour: The repertory grid technique", Interim Meeting of the International Colour Association, AIC 2008 Colour-Effects Affects, 2008.
Understanding individuals emotional responses to colour: The repertory grid technique
(2008) Akbay Yenigül, Saadet; Ural, Sibel; 21742
Citation Count: Akbay, Saadet, "Understanding of user evaluations on fun products", 5th World Conference On Design And Arts (WCDA-2016), Vol.3, No.5, pp.74-82, (2017).
Understanding of user evaluations on fun products
(Sciencepark SCI, Organization & Counseling LTD, 2017) Akbay, Saadet; 21742
The fields of human-computer interaction and interaction design are increasingly dealing with the issues of fun, enjoyment and pleasure throughout the last two decades. The concept of fun becomes a concern in the development of usability of a product. Fun is an attribute considered to be an emotional aspect of interaction of a product. The evaluations and interpretations of fun on products are, therefore, subjective and personal which is peculiar to a user. A study, hence, was conducted to explore the term fun in everyday experience products. The aim is to understand what features and characteristics of a product make it fun and enjoyable to use. A total of twenty-nine users participated in the study. Each participant was interviewed individually in order for his/her personal attributes, interpretations and evaluations of fun to be elicited from a pool of thirty-two products. The participants' responses to open-ended questions were qualitatively analyzed by the use of content analysis procedure. The collected data was then grouped under four main categories which are visual aspect, functionality, usability, and contextual content. The findings of the study show that visual aspect of a product is the most concerned feature, followed by contextual content, usability and functionality, when evaluating the fun in everyday experience products.
Citation Count: Gökmenoğlu, Firdevs; Akbay, Saadet. (2023). "Virtual interior environment: Influence of colour on the sense of immersion", Cultura e Scienza del Colore. Vol.15, No.1, pp.13-18
Virtual interior environment: Influence of colour on the sense of immersion
(2023) Gökmenoğlu, Firdevs; Akbay, Saadet; 21742
This article investigates the effects of colour on the sense of immersion in virtual interior environments. The perceptual significance of colour in interior design necessitates a critical evaluation of the three dimensions of colour-hue, saturation, and lightness (HSL)-in the context of their application in virtual environments (VEs). The study aims to investigate how the sense of immersion in virtual interior environments varies depending on hue, saturation, and lightness and to examine the extent to which colour dimensions influence the sense of immersion in VEs. In this study, the HSL colour space was employed to create varying degrees of colours, and an online survey was conducted to understand the individuals’ sense of immersion in different virtual interior settings. The findings suggest that reducing the degree of lightness of colours in a virtual interior environment enhances the sense of immersion. In addition, the study reveals that whether a virtual interior environment highlights natural or artificial lighting, augmenting the degree of lightness of colours intensifies the sense of immersion in the perceived environment.
Citation Count: Avcı, Ayşe Nihan; Akbay, Saadet (2022). "Visual comfort assessment of OLED lighting in an indoor office environment", Visual comfort assessment of OLED lighting in an indoor office environment, Vol.5, No.2, pp.129-413.
Visual comfort assessment of OLED lighting in an indoor office environment
(2022) Avcı, Ayşe Nihan; Akbay, Saadet; 237970; 21742
Visual comfort is one of the significant criteria influencing good-quality lighting in an indoor environment. There are various technologies for delivering illumination in indoor installations; three important milestones are incandescent, fluorescent, and LED lighting. Alternative technologies, such as OLED (organic light-emitting diode) lighting, cannot be disregarded by a thorough examination. Few studies have investigated the influence of OLED lighting on visual comfort in terms of merely illuminance level. To this end, this study investigates the influence of OLED lighting conditions on visual comfort, including general comfort parameters—overall comfort, illuminance, brightness ratio, veiling reflections, colour, flicker effect, overall satisfaction—in an indoor office environment. Twelve members from the Faculty of Architecture, Çankaya University, voluntarily participated in the study. A full-scale indoor office environment was designed for the test environment, which was illuminated by OLED lighting (2900 K). An Office Lighting Survey was adopted to assess the general visual comfort of OLED lighting conditions in an indoor office environment. In contrast to earlier lighting studies, this study did not measure any task performance under the lighting condition. Instead, it focused solely on participants’ visual comfort evaluations when exposed to OLED lighting during their everyday routines in an indoor office environment. This study is a preliminary study for further investigations on the doctoral thesis.

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