Fen - Edebiyat Fakültesi

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Challenges to ekphrastic poetry: Carol Ann Duffy’s “standing female nude”
(Çankaya Üniversitesi, 2013) Uzundemir, Özlem; 49324
Bir görsel sanat yapıtını betimleyen şiirler, yazınsal metinler ve görsel sanatlar arasındaki farkların ortaya çıkmasını sağlarlar. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’in Laocoön adlı kitabında sözünü ettiği gibi sanat yapıtı sessiz ve durağan olmasına karşın, yazınsal metin söze ve harekete dayanır. W. J. T. Mitchell Picture Theory adlı kitabında söz ve imge arasındaki böylesi ikili karşıtlığı cinsiyet rollerini de içerecek şekilde genişletir. İmge dişil, söz ise eril olarak ele alınır. Dişil imge bakılan nesne olmasına karşın, erkek yazar/sanatçı özne ve bakan konumundadır. Carol Ann Duffy “Standing Female Nude” adlı şiirinde, bu tür ikili karşıtlıkları sorgulayabilmek için erkek sanatçı yerine kadın modele söz hakkı verir ve bakma edimini de model üstlenir. Böylece, Duffy anlatıcının ister sanat yapıtı sahibi, ister sanatçının kendisi, isterse de yapıta bakan bir erkek olduğu resimbetimsel şiir geleneğini reddederek sanatçı ve modeli arasındaki güç ilişkisini sorgular.
Conversations with a Lady: Women and the religious debate in caroline Print culture
(2009) Coussens, Catherine
Caroline sarayıyla bağdaştırılan kadınların yayıncılığa katılımları, genellikle Charles I’in politikaları ve Avrupa’yı etkileyen dini çatışmalardan bağımsız, özel bir edebiyat tarihi kategorosinde incelenir. Charles I’in krallığı döneminde, 1629-1640 yılları arasında ülkeyi Parlamentosuz yönetme, dini ve politik eleştirilerin sansür edilmesi ve İlahi Hak Teorisi ilkesinin benimsenmesi gibi olaylarda görüldüğü gibi, mutlakiyete doğru bir kayma görülür. Kral’ın Arminian Anglikanizm’i kabullenme çelişkisi ve Roman Katolik’lerin cezalandırılmaya devam edilmesi bazı toplulukların saraya yabancılaştığını kanıtlar. Kadınları ayrı bir grupta incelemek yerine bu atmosferin yarattığı daha geniş kapsamlı basım kültürü içindeki rolleri açısından incelemek daha yararlı olacaktır. Gittikçe kadın merkezli olmaya başlayan saray, bazı kadınların geleneksel değerleri aşıp yazar olmalarına imkan sağladıysa da, saray homojen bir topluluktan oluşmuyordu. Kadın ve erkek yazarlı tüm metinler yazarlarının belli bir dini ve siyasi topluluğa temel adanmışlıklarını ve ilerlemek için sarayın temel baskın söylemlerine uyma isteklerini yansıtma eğilimindeydi. Yine de, dini uzlaşmayı dile getiren yazılı metinlerin yazarları ya da okuyucuları olarak kadınlar gittikçe Caroline edebiyatının göze çarpan ögeleri olmuşlardır. “Bir hanımla söyleşiler” diye tanımlayacağımız edebi tür hem saray propagandası hem de saray söylemine dahil olma girişimlerini kapsar. Kral’ın John Cosin’e (1627) bir kadın için dua kitabı bastırması, onun Protestan İngiliz cemaatinin Arminianizm ile barıştırması çabasının bir uzantısıdır, ancak bu kraliçenin Fransız maiyetinin gösterişli Roman Katolizm’ine karşı Protestan kadınlar tarafından Henrietta Maria’nın sarayında tanıtılmıştır. Puritan yazarlar saraya anti-feminist ve anti-katolik eleştirileriyle veryansın ederken, iki kadın tarafından saraya hitaben yazılan iki metin baskın kralcı düşünceyle farklı dini gruplar arasında arabuluculuk yapmayı hedefler. İlk olarak, Protestan Alice Sutcliffe’in yazdığı, şiirsel düşünceler serisi (1634) dua kitabı projesi’ne bir yanıt ve saray çevresi ile Puritan duyarlılık arasında arabuluculuk yapma girişimi olarak ele alınabilir. İkincisi ise Susan DuVerger’in, Fransız reform karşıtı yazar Jean Paul Camus’un (1639) Roman Katolik dini romanslarının çevirisidir ve popüler Katolik edebiyatı Protestan İngiliz okurlar arasında yayma girişimidir. İç Savaş dönemi ve öncesinde önemli kadınlarla ve önemli kadınlara hitaben basılan metinler de kadınlara dini konularda tarafsız yargılama, arabuluculuk ve yorumcu rollerini yükler. Saray kültüründe kadınların görünmesi, onların Caroline döneminde giderek saraya hitap eden politik-dini metinlerin yazarları, sorumluları ve hatipleri oldukları anlamına gelmekteydi, sansür ve siyasileşmeden kaçınmanın bir yolu olarak cinsiyet önemli bir dini tartışma silahı olarak kullanılmıştır.
Effects of calibration sample size and item bank size on abilityestimation in computerized adaptive testing
(EDAM, 2015) Şahin, Alper; Weiss, DJ.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of calibration sample size and item bank size on examinee ability estimation in computerized adaptive testing (CAT). For this purpose, a 500-item bank pre-calibrated using the three-parameter logistic model with 10,000 examinees was simulated. Calibration samples of varying sizes (150, 250, 350, 500, 750, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000) were selected from the parent sample, and item banks that represented small (100) and medium size (200 and 300) banks were drawn from the 500-item bank. Items in these banks were recalibrated using the drawn samples, and their estimated parameters were used in post-hoc simulations to re-estimate ability parameters for the simulated 10,000 examinees. The findings showed that ability estimates in CAT are robust against fluctuations in item parameter estimation and that accurate ability parameter estimates can be obtained with a calibration sample of 150 examinees. Moreover, a 200-item bank pre-calibrated with as few as 150 examinees can be used for some purposes in CAT as long as it has sufficient information at targeted ability levels.
Genly’s Reformation of His Self through Intersubjective Encounter in The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin
(2022) Sönmez Demir, Yağmur; 30410
The purpose of this study is to display the transformation in the self and identity of the protagonist Genly Ai in The Left Hand of Darkness (1969). Having spent two years on what he calls as a “damned planet”, Genly (master) has a chance to recognize the other (the slave), namely Estraven closely, thus experiences intersubjective encounter. In the framework of the Hegelian dialectic, Genly comes outside of his own self on Gethen and recognizes the other as a self consciousness that is other than himself. This process makes him transform as a person, develop an attachment to Gethen, and feel at home there. Hence, this study claims that Genly, an alien on another planet, reconstitutes his own self in three stages: journey, intersubjective encounter, and feeling at home on Gethen.
İçbütünlük sorunu ve modern politik ahlak
(Çankaya Üniversitesi, 2015) Aral, Halide; 140184
This article is about the question of integrity in modern political ethics. It regards modern political practice as unethical and relates it to the change in political philosophy introduced by Machiavelli;the sensate civilization of the West in Sorokin’s terms; and the prometeic culture which developed, as Schubart claims, with the Renaissance. Then, it argues that making integrity the central virtue in politics will contribute to the development of ethical political practice.
Once an insider, now an outsider: Doris Lessing’s African laughter
(Çankaya Üniversitesi, 2008) Uzundemir, Özlem; 49324
Doris Lessing’s African Laughter is a travel book including her four visits in 1982, 1988, 1989 and 1992 to Africa, the place where her childhood memories belong to. Pleased to hear the end of the white man’s supremacy, she traveled to the country, not only to visit her friends and relatives but also to observe the social and political changes that took place after the country gained its independence. The aim of this article is to analyze the dynamism Lessing observes in Zimbabwe, namely the political controversies, the blending of cultures and the continuation of the colonial hatred in people’s attitudes and lifestyle as well as to evaluate her visits as inward journeys to her past through an emphasis on the fallibility of memory.
The Interrelatedness Of Character and Nature In Katherine Mansfield’s “prelude”
(2017) Güvenç, Özge
Katherine Mansfield’s contribution to the development of short story genre is related to her use of nature imagery, through which the characters are revealed. Many of her stories use the garden as setting and dwell on the difference between the outer and inner space, focusing specifically on the experience of female characters. In her short story “Prelude”, which recounts the story of the Burnell family’s move from town to a new house with a garden in the country, Mansfield emphasizes the interrelatedness of character and nature. Through the juxtaposition of wild nature with nature created by human beings, particularly the garden and the aloe tree in this story, she shows the inner states of her characters as well as the different relationships between the individual and the place s/he lives in. Ecofeminism, which correlates issues of nature and environment to the situation of women, emphasizes that characters cannot be thought in isolation from their physical surroundings. Hence, in this paper I will analyze Mansfield’s story “Prelude” from an ecofeminist perspective by highlighting the analogy between nature/woman and culture/man to show how the writer puts more emphasis on the former of the dualisms through the valorization of women and nature.
The Mediterranean Sea and the Impact of Its Geographical Space and Cosmology upon Shakespeare’s Characters in Pericles
(2022) Ekmekçioğlu, Neslihan; 145553
Multiple representations of space and geography in Pericles can be evaluated from different points of view. The sea in Pericles witnesses the nativity of Pericles’s child, Marina and the burial of his wife, Thaisa within a chest. The natural elements lead the casket in which Thaisa is buried to the shore of Ephesus. Thaisa can be thought as the treasure of the deep. Her casket is discovered after a turbulent and stormy night by Cerimon who brings her back to life. The remarks regarding the wondrous meteorological phenomenon of the tempest point to the symptoms of an earthquake which caused the billow, the swelling of the sea which delivered the chest of Thaisa’s supposedly dead body to the seacoast. All the sudden turns and unpredictable events display the life experiences of Pericles who wanders in the Mediterranean Sea for many years. Shakespeare’s maritime imagination reveals a profound ontological relationship between the sea and human maturation in the sense of reaching a higher level of humanity. The ocean with its tempests and shipwrecks mostly contributes to sudden shifts in human lives and brings a kind of transformation in the lives of Shakespeare’s characters. In Pericles, the Mediterranean Sea with the impact of its geographical space and cosmology brings hope and despair, life and death as well as changes in Pericles’s life. The sea also witnesses the revival of life with magic and music at the seashore of Ephesus. My paper will deal with the multi-faceted geographical space of the Mediterranean Sea and its impact on character development in Shakespeare’s Pericles.
“To Build a Fire”: An Ecocritical Reading
(2014) Çakırlar, Özkan; 105401
Transformation of Private Space into Social Space in Doris Lessing’s “Getting off the Altitude"
(2022) Üstündağ Güvenç, Özge; 18329
Doris Lessing’s two collections of African Stories – This Was the Old Chief’s Country (1952) and The Sun Between Their Feet (1973) – exemplify the theme of colonialism displaying the hegemony of the whites over the blacks. The stories in the former collection are mainly about colonial issues, while the ones in the latter cover a variety of subjects such as racial and gender conflicts, power of nature and effects of the Second World War. Since geographical features of Africa have a significant role in shaping social and cultural values, the interconnectedness between space and gender is also a fundemental issue in these stories. “Getting off the Altitude” from her collection, The Sun Between Their Feet, recounts the story of how white settler community in Central Africa deals with the problem of alienation due to physical characteristics of the area. The spatially enclosed structure of the society on one hand, preserves the social norms and values but at the same time leads to non-conformist relationships between the genders. The impact of the altitude in the district is also observed in the way the society is structured and gender relations are performed. With respect to this, the story shows not only how space is perceived as a physical reality where everyday life takes place but also how it is conceived as a space of thoughts which defines relations and confines people into certain places. What differentiates “Getting off the Altitude” from the other stories in the collection is related to the multiplicity of male and female characters and their lived experiences, which pave the way for new modes of thinking about space. This study, through its portrayal of spatial practices and everyday experiences of various characters, discusses to what extent they are able to appropriate and configure spaces they occupy in different ways and how they transform the private sphere of a house from its restrictive conceptualisation to alternative ones within the framework of Henri Lefebvre’s and Edward Soja’s space theories.

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