Mühendislik Fakültesi

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Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 6
Adaptive Optics Correction of Beam Spread in Biological Tissues
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Baykal, Yahya
Beam spread in turbulent biological tissues is examined when the tissue is excited with a collimated Gaussian laser beam. Adaptive optics correction is applied to the beam spread in the form of piston only (P Only), tilt only (T Only), piston + tilt (P + T), and the reduction in the beam spread is evaluated as com-pared to the no adaptive optics (No AO) corrected beam spread. No AO and adaptive optics corrected beam spread are expressed for various biological tissue types, against the variations in the strength co-efficient of the refractive-index fluctuations, source size, small length-scale factor of turbulence, tissue length, fractal dimension, characteristic lengths of heterogeneity and the wavelength. For the examined tissue types of liver parenchyma (mouse), intestinal epithelium (mouse), upper dermis (human) and deep dermis (mouse), No AO beam spread and the adaptive optics corrected beam spread are found to increase as the strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations, tissue length, fractal dimension, the char-acteristic lengths of heterogeneity increase, and to decrease as the source size, small length-scale factor, wavelength increase. Reduction ratio of P + T correction is almost the same for all the evaluated cases which is 74%.(C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 16
Citation - Scopus: 18
Adaptive Optics Correction of Scintillation in Underwater Medium
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Baykal, Yahya
Adaptive optics correction of the scintillation index of a Gaussian laser beam in underwater turbulence is studied. To introduce the adaptive optics correction, filter functions providing the piston, tilt and astigmatism effects are adapted to promote the spectrum of underwater turbulence. The reduction of the scintillation index due to the individual piston, tilt, astigmatism effects and their sum is examined versus the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean squared temperature, the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, receiving aperture diameter, source size, link length and the wavelength. For any value of underwater turbulence parameter, the most effective adaptive optics corrections are found to be the piston, tilt and astigmatism, respectively.
Citation - WoS: 10
Citation - Scopus: 13
Adaptive Optics Corrections of Scintillations of Hermite-Gaussian Modes in an Oceanic Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2020) Baykal, Yahya
Adaptive optics correction of the scintillation index is found when Hermite-Gaussian laser beams are used in oceanic turbulence. Adaptive optics filter functions are used to find how the tilt, focus, astigmatism, coma, and total correction will behave under high order mode excitation. Reduction of the oceanic scintillation under various oceanic turbulence and system parameters is examined under different high order modes. Also, the effects of the source size, wavelength, and link length on the total adaptive optics correction of Hermite-Gaussian modes in an oceanic medium are investigated for different modes. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 12
Anisotropy Effect on Performance of Ppm Optical Wireless Oceanic Communication Links
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Baykal, Yahya
The performance, quantified by the bit-error-rate (BER), of M-ary pulse position modulated (PPM) optical wireless oceanic communication (OWOC) link is investigated when such a link operates in anisotropic weak oceanic turbulence. For this purpose, formulations of the average received power and the scintillation index of collimated Gaussian optical beam detected by a point detector are developed for anisotropic weak oceanic turbulence, which in turn are employed in the BER expression of the PPM OWOC links. BER is evaluated under various turbulence parameters of anisotropic oceanic turbulence, M of M-ary PPM, data bit rate, average current gain of avalanche photodiode (APD). For any investigated parameter, it is found that the BER performance of M-ary PPM OWOC links is improved as the ocean becomes more anisotropic. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 10
Beams With Arbitrary Field Profiles in Turbulence - Art. No. 652209
(Spie-int Soc Optical Engineering, 2006) Baykal, Yahya
Characteristics of optical beam incidences that have arbitrary field profiles are examined when they propagate in the turbulent atmosphere. Arbitrary source field profile is introduced by decomposing the source into incremental areas and the received field in the presence of turbulence is expressed as the summation of the fields originating from each incremental area. Intensity moments such as average intensity and the scintillation index in turbulence are formulated under such excitation. Our results correctly reduce to the well established Gaussian beam wave solutions when the arbitrary source beam is taken as the Gaussian field profile. Naturally, all the beam structures such as the higher-order single-mode, multimode, off-axis Hermite-Gaussian, Hermite-sinusoidal-Gaussian, higher-order annular, flat-topped-Gaussian beams form the special cases of our derivation. Numerical results that cover the scintillations in turbulence for various types of arbitrary beam profiles are presented. Our results for the arbitrary source field profiles can be applied in atmospheric optics telecommunication links where combination of several known beams are employed as incidence in an effort to reduce the degrading effects of turbulence. Also in the problems of reflection from rough surfaces, propagation of spatially partially coherent optical beams or double passage imaging in turbulence, our formulation can be utilized.
Citation - WoS: 23
Citation - Scopus: 23
Ber of Asymmetrical Optical Beams in Oceanic and Marine Atmospheric Media
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Baykal, Yahya
The average bit-error-rate (BER) performances of asymmetrical optical Gaussian beams propagating in oceanic and marine atmospheric turbulence are examined. Both type of media are assumed to exhibit weak turbulence. The effect of asymmetry factor on the BER performance are investigated in conjunction with the oceanic turbulence parameters of the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, and with the marine atmospheric link parameters of the link length and the structure constant. Also, the variations of the BER against the source size of various asymmetrical beams are scrutinized in both oceanic and marine atmospheric media.
Citation - WoS: 30
Citation - Scopus: 31
Bit Error Rate of Pulse Position Modulated Optical Wireless Communication Links in Oceanic Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2018) Baykal, Yahya
The upper bound of the average bit error rate (BER) of a pulse position modulated (PPM) optical wireless communication (OWC) link operating in oceanic turbulence is formulated. BER variations against the changes in the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid are found at various data bit rates, average current gains of the avalanche photodiode (APD), and M values of the M-ary PPM. It is found that under any oceanic turbulence parameters, BER performance of the PPM OWC system becomes favorable at smaller data bit rates, M values, and at larger average current gains of APD. (c) 2018 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 17
Citation - Scopus: 16
Coherence Length in Non-Kolmogorov Satellite Links
(Elsevier, 2013) Baykal, Yahya
Behavior of the coherence length in non-Kolmogorov satellite links is investigated. Equivalent structure constants for non-Kolmogorov spectra are employed in order to make relevant comparisons for different non-Kolmogorov power law exponents. Examining the coherence length versus the non-Kolmogorov power law exponent for different rms wind speeds, zenith angles, link lengths, structure constants and the wavelengths, the coherence length is found to decrease when the non-Kolmogorov power law exponent increases. At a fixed non-Kolmogorov power law exponent, the coherence length is found to decrease as the rms wind speed, the zenith angle or the structure constant increases and the wavelength decreases. As the link length increases, the coherence length decreases for power law exponent values smaller than that for the Kolmogorov case. However, an increase in the link length seems not to cause the coherence length to vary appreciably at power law exponent values larger than the Kolmogorov case power law exponent. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 9
Cross Beam Scintillations in Non-Kolmogorov Medium
(Optical Soc Amer, 2014) Baykal, Yahya
For the collimated and focused cross beams, the on-axis scintillation index is evaluated when these beams propagate in weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence. In the limiting cases, our solution correctly reduces to the known Gaussian beam scintillations in Kolmogorov turbulence. For both the collimated and the focused cross beams, large power law exponent of the non-Kolmogorov turbulence is found to result in larger scintillations. Evaluating at a fixed power law exponent, the scintillation index of the collimated (focused) cross beam is higher (lower) than the collimated (focused) Gaussian beam scintillation index. When the asymmetry of the collimated (focused) cross beam increases, the scintillations increase (decrease). At a given cross beam configuration, change in the turbulence parameters varies the scintillations in the same manner for all power law exponent values. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 10
Citation - Scopus: 10
Cross-Beam Scintillations in Underwater Medium
(Spie-soc Photo-optical instrumentation Engineers, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
The fluctuation in the intensity, which is quantified by the scintillation index, is evaluated for cross beams when such beams propagate in an underwater medium experiencing turbulence. The variations in the scintillation index are investigated against the changes in the size of the cross beams, the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, and the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Crossbeam Intensity Fluctuations in Turbulence
(Spie-soc Photo-optical instrumentation Engineers, 2014) Baykal, Yahya
Intensity fluctuations of a crossbeam are evaluated in weak atmospheric turbulence. A crossbeam is defined as two asymmetrical Gaussian beams oriented perpendicular to each other, and one of these beams is wider along the x-axis whereas the other beam is wider along the y-axis. Our results indicate that in terms of the intensity fluctuations in weak turbulence, focused crossbeams offer favorable results when compared to the corresponding focused Gaussian beam intensity fluctuations. However, for collimated crossbeams, such a comparison is in favor of the collimated Gaussian beam. (C) 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Editorial: Optical Wave Propagation and Communication in Turbulent Media
(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Baykal, Yahya
Citation - WoS: 28
Citation - Scopus: 30
Effect of Anisotropy on Intensity Fluctuations in Oceanic Turbulence
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Baykal, Yahya
For an optical spherical wave propagating in an oceanic turbulent medium, the effect of anisotropy on the received intensity fluctuations is investigated. For different anisotropy factors, the variations of the scintillation index vs. the ratio that determines the relative strength of temperature and salinity in the index fluctuations, the rate of dissipation of the mean squared temperature, the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy, viscosity, link length and the wavelength are plotted. It is found that, for all the oceanic turbulence and the link parameters of interest, as the medium becomes more anisotropic, the intensity of the optical spherical wave fluctuates less. It is concluded that the performance of an optical wireless communication systems (OWCS) operating in anisotropic oceanic turbulence is better than the performance of OWCS operating in isotropic oceanic turbulence.
Effects of Focusing on Scintillations of Higher Order Laser Modes in Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence
(Electromagnetics Acad, 2014) Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Baykal, Yahya; Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği
The scintillation index of focused higher order laser beam propagating in non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence is formulated by employing the Rytov method and the equivalence of the structure constant. Our evaluations are performed for even modes. The equivalence formula for the structure constant is extracted from our earlier work in which the equivalence is obtained by equating the scintillation indices found in the Kolmogorov and the non-Kolmogorov turbulence. If not specified otherwise, the focused beam is defined when the focal length is equal to the link length. For the focused higher order laser beams, as the power law exponent of the non-Kolmogorov spectrum decreases, the scintillations decrease. At any power law exponent, the scintillations tend to become larger when the mode order of the focused beam becomes larger, i.e., the focused Gaussian beam is advantageous over the focused higher order laser beams for any realization of the non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Again being valid for any power law exponent, increase in the source size is found to decrease the intensity fluctuations of all the focused higher order mode scintillations. Especially for the larger order beams, focusing the higher order beam at a distance smaller than the link length results in a change in the behaviour of the scintillation index versus the power law exponent. In such cases, the scintillations are observed to increase. Comparison of the focused higher order beam scintillations with the previously obtained collimated higher order beam scintillations yields that the focused higher order beam scintillations are lower. Collimated higher order beams exhibit lower scintillations than the collimated Gaussian beams whereas this is reversed in the focused case. Another observation in such comparison shows that the difference of the intensity fluctuations between the Gaussian and the higher order beams are much larger in the focused case, especially at larger power law exponent values.
Citation - WoS: 50
Citation - Scopus: 55
Expressing Oceanic Turbulence Parameters by Atmospheric Turbulence Structure Constant
(Optical Soc Amer, 2016) Baykal, Yahya
The parameters composing oceanic turbulence are the wavelength, link length, rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature, Kolmogorov microscale, and the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum. The required physical entities such as the average intensity and the scintillation index in the oceanic medium are formulated by using the power spectrum of oceanic turbulence, which is described by oceanic turbulence parameters. On the other hand, there exists a rich archive of formulations and results for the above-mentioned physical entities in atmospheric turbulence, where the parameters describing the turbulence are the wavelength, the link length, and the structure constant. In this paper, by equating the spherical wave scintillation index solutions in the oceanic and atmospheric turbulences, we have expressed the oceanic turbulence parameters by an equivalent structure constant used in turbulent atmosphere. Such equivalent structure constant will help ease reaching solutions of similar entities in an oceanic turbulent medium by employing the corresponding existing solutions, which are valid in an atmospheric turbulent medium. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Field Correlations for Off-Axis Gaussian Laser Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Amer Geophysical Union, 2014) Baykal, Yahya
The absolute field correlations in atmospheric turbulence are evaluated for the off-axis optical Gaussian beam incidence. Evaluations in the practical range of the source and the turbulent medium parameters show that an increase in the diagonal length at the receiver plane causes the absolute field correlations of the off-axis Gaussian beam to decrease. At a fixed receiver diagonal length, the off-axis Gaussian beams having smaller displacement parameters and larger source sizes exhibit larger absolute field correlations. Comparing the absolute field correlations of the off-axis Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulence with their no turbulence counterparts, it is observed that the behavior of the absolute field correlation variations remains the same; however, the diminishing of the absolute field correlations in turbulence occurs at smaller diagonal lengths.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
Field Correlations of a Partially Coherent Optical Gaussian Wave in Tissue Turbulence
(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Baykal, Yahya
For a partially coherent Gaussian optical wave, field correlations in turbulent tissues are examined. Changes in the field correlations are evaluated when the degree of source coherence, diagonal length from the receiver point, transverse receiver coordinate, tissue type, tissue length, source size, characteristic length of heterogeneity, strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations, fractal dimension, and the small length-scale factor of the turbulent tissue vary. Investigated turbulent tissue types are liver parenchyma (mouse), upper dermis (human), intestinal epithelium (mouse), and deep dermis (mouse). For all the examined tissue types, field correlations are found to increase as the degree of source coherence, fractal dimension, and small length-scale factor increase and as the diagonal length from the receiver point, transverse receiver coordinate, tissue length, characteristic length of heterogeneity, and strength coefficient of the refractive-index fluctuations decrease. For the coherent source, an increase in the source size will increase the field correlations; however, for the partially coherent source, this trend is reversed. (c) 2022 Optica Publishing Group
Citation - WoS: 18
Citation - Scopus: 19
Field Correlations of Flat-Topped Gaussian and Annular Beams in Turbulence
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2011) Baykal, Yahya
Starting from the second order moment formulation for multi-beam incidence, field correlations at the receiver plane of flat-topped Gaussian and annular beams are found in turbulence. Reflecting the information on both the randomness due to turbulence and the field profile of the incident field, field correlations of the fiat-topped Gaussian beams are found to become larger at larger source size, smaller flatness parameters and smaller turbulence strengths. For the annular beam structures, field correlations are larger for thicker beams. Field correlations of larger primary beam sized annular incidences are smaller at smaller diagonal distances and larger at larger diagonal distances. As expected, annular beam field correlations are found to be larger at smaller structure constants and at smaller wavelengths. However, at large link lengths, field correlations could be larger than at smaller link lengths due to fact that for annular beams, the field at the centre of the receiver attains very small value at smaller link lengths, however, on propagation in turbulence, receiver field distribution changes to a Gaussian profile. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 27
Citation - Scopus: 28
Field Correlations of Laser Arrays in Atmospheric Turbulence
(Optical Soc Amer, 2014) Baykal, Yahya
Correlations of the fields at the receiver plane are evaluated after a symmetrical radial laser array beam incident field propagates in a turbulent atmosphere. The laser array configuration is composed of a number of the same size laser beamlets symmetrically located around a ring having a radius that determines the distance of the ring from the origin. The variations of the correlations of the received field originating from such laser array incidence versus the diagonal length starting from a receiver point are examined for various laser array parameters, turbulence parameters, and the locations of the reception points. Laser array parameters consist of the ring radius and the number and size of the beamlets. Structure constant, link length, and wavelength are the turbulence parameters whose effects on the field correlation of the laser arrays are also investigated. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 2
Flat-Topped Field Correlations in Extremely Strong Turbulence
(Electromagnetics Acad, 2011) Baykal, Yahya Kemal; Baykal, Yahya; Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği
In extremely strong turbulent horizontal atmospheric optical links, field correlations of flat-topped Gaussian incidence are evaluated. Field correlations are represented versus the diagonal distance at the receiver plane, for variations in the number of beams forming the flat-topped structure, receiver points, source sizes, link lengths, structure constants and the wave-lengths. Our results in extremely strong turbulence are compared to their free space counterparts which only reflect the diffraction patterns at the receiver plane. The effects of the inner scale of turbulence on the field correlations in extremely strong turbulence are examined in detail and it is observed that the size of the inner scale in extremely strong turbulence can considerably influence the field correlations of flat-topped beams.

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