İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü

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Açılı CFRP Ankrajlı Şeritler ile Beton Yüzey Arasındaki Gerilme Deformasyon Davranışı için Yeni Bir Model Önerisi
(2020) Özgür, A. C. Anıl; Ghoroubi, Rahim; Mercimek, Ömer
Betonarme, çelik veya yığma yapılar birçok farklı nedenden dolayı güçlendirilmeleri veya onarılmaları gerekmektedir. Karbon takviyeli elyaf kumaşlar (CFRP) deprem performansı yetersiz yapıların onarım ve güçlendirme çalışmalarında son 20 yıldır yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. CFRP ile geliştirilen onarım ve güçlendirme detaylarında önemli olan tasarım kriterlerinden biri CFRP elemanların yüzeyden soyulmalarını geciktirmektir. Bu amaçla CFRP ile geliştirilen güçlendirme detaylarında ankrajların kullanılması artış göstermiştir. Güçlendirme detaylarında kullanılan fan tipi CFRP ankrajlı CFRP şeritler ile ilgili gerilme-kayma deplasmanı modellerinin ankrajsız CFRP şeritlere göre çok daha sınırlı sayıda olduğu görülmektedir. Bu konudaki sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmada ankrajlar CFRP şeritlere uygulanan eksenel çekme kuvvetine göre 90o açılı olacak şekilde yerleştirilmiştir. Yapılan literatür taramasında eksenel yüke göre değişik açılarda yerleştirilen ankrajlı CFRP şeritlerin eksenel kuvvet taşıma gücü ve gerilme kayma deplasmanı modelleri ile ilgili bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle deneysel bir çalışma düzenlenmiş ve 28 adet beton yüzeyine yapıştırılan açılı ankrajlı CFRP şerit deney elemanı eksenel çekme kuvveti etkisinde yazarlar tarafından tasarlanan bir deney düzeneği kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmada incelenen değişkenler CFRP şerit genişliği ve CFRP şeritler üzerindeki CFRP fan tipi ankrajların açılarıdır. Deneysel çalışma sonucunda açılı ankrajlı CFRP şeritlerin maksimum taşıma gücü değerlerinin hesaplanması için bir denklem ve yeni bir gerilme kayma deplasmanı modeli önerilmiştir.
Ahşap Bağlantı Noktalarında Mekanik Ankraj Sayısı ve Yerleşim Şeklinin Kayma Gerilmesi-Kayma Deplasmanı Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Deneysel Olarak İncelenmesi
(2021) Acehan, Ayşegül Özden; Mercimek, Ömer; Ghoroubi, Rahim; Anıl, Özgür
Ahşap yapılar ve yapı elemanlarında yapıştırıcı ve mekanik bağlantı elemanları ile bir araya getirilmiş birleşim bölgerinin genel yük-deplasman davranışı, kayma gerilmesi- kayma deplasmanı davranışları, yapısal sistemin kapasitesi ve göçme mekanizmaları üzerinde son derece etkilidir. Ahşap-ahşap bağlantı bölgelerinin davranışları, malzemenin mekanik özelliklerine, yapısına ve türüne göre çok büyük oranda değişim gösteren farklı kayma gerilmesi-kayma deplasmanı davranışları sergileyen, incelenmesi gerekli olan önemli bir konudur. Ahşap yapı elemanlarının yapıştırıcı ve yapıştırıcı ile birlikte mekanik ankrajlar ile birleştirilmesi durumunda genel yük-deplasman davranışlarının, bağlantı bölgesindeki gerilme dağılımları ile kayma gerilmesi - kayma deplasmanı davranışlarının incelendiği kapsamlı bir deneysel çalışmaya literatürde rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle deneysel bir çalışma planlanmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında birbirlerine yapıştırıcı ve yapıştırıcı ile birlikte mekanik ankrajlar ile bağlanmış olan, kenetlenme uzunlukları 180, 240 ve 350 mm olarak değişim gösteren ahşap bağlantı bölgelerinin, eksenel çekme yükü etkisi altındaki genel yük deplasman davranışları deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında birleşim bölgesinde kullanılan mekanik ankraj sayısı ve yerleşiminin değişim göstermesinin, genel yük-deplasman davranışı ve kayma gerilmesi-kayma deplasmanı davranışları üzerindeki etkileri de araştırılmıştır.
Citation - Scopus: 1
An innovative description of elastic constant tensor based upon orthonormal representations
(Newswood Limited, 2012) Dinçkal, Ç.; Dinçkal, Çiğdem; İnşaat Mühendisliği
A new procedure for representation of elastic constant tensor in terms of its orthonormal decomposed parts is presented. Form invariants and orthonormalized basis elements are used to generate this decomposition method. Numerical examples from various engineering materials serve to illustrate and verify the decomposition procedure. The norm concept of elastic constant tensor and norm ratios are used to study the anisotropy of these materials. It is shown that this method allows to investigate the elastic and mechanical properties of an anisotropic material possessing any material symmetry and determine anisotropy degree of that material. For a material given from an unknown symmetry, it is possible to determine its material symmetry type by this method. © 2012 Newswood Limited. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Damage Limits for Ductile Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
(Turkish Chamber Civil Engineers, 2012) Kazaz, Ilker; Gulkan, Polat; 5743
Although the strain based damage limits proposed in the existing Turkish Earthquake Code were adopted from reported studies of leading researchers, the appropriateness of these limit state definitions and corresponding values to evaluate the performance with the analytical tools and methods used in the displacement based design and assessment procedures has not been verified properly. The moment-curvature analysis based on the plane section hypothesis is severely violated especially for reinforced concrete walls. This indicates that a comprehensive investigation is required to investigate the validity of proposed damage limits for structural walls. This study is based on advanced and computationally rigorous numerical procedures to investigate the relation between drift ratio, plastic rotation and curvature, compressive strain in concrete and tensile strain in steel for rectangular reinforced concrete structural walls. Validity of the requirements related to deformation limits in the Turkish Seismic Code and other design guidelines is then evaluated. Modeling and acceptance criteria that are more accurate than the existing ones have been proposed for structural walls.
Citation - Scopus: 0
Design of a Versatile and Rapid Calculator for Oncological Computations
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2019) Dinçkal, Ç.; Dinçkal, Çiğdem; 26773; İnşaat Mühendisliği
In oncology, there exists many complicated and time-consuming computations for students, clinicians and medical researchers. Although many programs generated in Microsoft Excel have been studied many times, the improvements in design of programs are still an issue of concern. So design of calculator becomes essential for practical use. The objective of this study is to design a rapid and versatile calculator named as TGTSCalculator in Microsoft Excel for comprehensive computation of clonogenic cells amount when growth and irradiation for tumor occurred for all tumor growth models and the total amount of relative cells outliving the treatment schedule (in other words; survival fraction) after radiotherapy. Microsoft Excel with Visual Basics for Applications (VBA) has been employed since it is a high versatile and extensively used special spreadsheet program and easily accessible and available for biomedical scientists and clinicians for a wide range of applications. TGTSCalculator is so transparent and practical that any kind of users requires only requires clicking its macro or CALCULATE button in spreadsheet to manage the all computations effectively and simultaneously. © 2020 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Citation - Scopus: 0
Dynamic stability of planar frames supported by elastic foundation
(Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC), 2016) Alemdar, B.N.; Dinçkal, Çiğdem; Dinçkal, Ç.; 26773; İnşaat Mühendisliği
An exact analytical solution for a vibrating beam-column element on an elastic Winkler foundation is derived. The solution covers all cases comprised of constant compressive and tensile axial force with restrictions of ks -mω1 > 0 and ks -ma>2 < 0. Closed form solutions of dynamic shape functions are explicitly derived for each case and they are used to obtain frequency-dependent dynamic stiffness terms. Governing dynamic equilibrium equations are not only enforced at element ends, but also at any point along the element. To this end, derived stiffness terms are exact and they include distributed mass effects and geometric nonlinear effects such as axial-bending coupling. For this reason, the proposed solution eliminates the need of further element discretization to obtain more accurate results. In absence of elastic foundation (i.e., ks → 0), exact dynamic stiffness terms for beam-columns are also derived and presented in this study. Derived stiffness terms are implemented in a software program and several examples are provided to demonstrate the potential of the present study.
Citation - Scopus: 0
Effects of Floating Rafts as Anti-Vortex Devices at Horizontal Intakes
(International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research, 2023) Gogus, M.; Gokmener, S.; 6062
Air- entraining vortices created by swirling flows on intakes cause serious problems such as; increasing loss of hydraulic load and discharge at water intake structures, loss of efficiency, operational problems, cavitation and vibration problems in hydraulic machines. Hence the position of the intake should be justified for the most critical scenario as the reservoir is at dead or at minimum storage level to avoid the occurrence of air-entraining vortices. Although intakes are designed by considering the formation of air-entraining vortices, they cannot be prevented due to approach flow conditions and submergence. Therefore, some structural changes should be considered in order to avoid the occurrence of air-entraining vortices. One of these methods is using anti-vortex devices to prevent the formation of air-entraining vortices. In this experimental study, floating rafts at different sizes were tested as anti-vortex devices to prevent the formation of air-entraining vortices at single and multiplehorizontal intake structures under symmetrical and asymmetrical approach flow conditions. Three identical pipes of diameter Di=0.265 m were tested at a wide range of discharge with varying sidewall clearances. Experiments were conducted for three different combinations of the intake structures: single, double and triple water intakes were operated, respectively. Different side wall distances in the approach channels of the intake structures were specified previously to create symmetrical and asymmetrical flow conditions. The side walls were located according to these distances before each experiment. For single and double water intake structures, Wraft=10 cm and triple water intake structures, Wraft=20 cm raft width were found to be successful for vortex prevention. Moreover, Wrafts/Di values that gave successful results are 0.38 for single and double intake structures and 0.75 for triple intake structures. © 2023 IAHR – International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 14
Evaluation of Tsunami Scenarios For Western Peloponnese, Greece
(Ist Nazionale Di Oceanografia E Di Geofisica, 2014) Yalciner, A. C.; Gulkan, P.; Dilmen, D. I.; Aytore, B.; Ayca, A.; Insel, I.; Zaytsev, A.; 5743
Tsunami hazard assessment of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is the current interest of the countries having, a coastline in this region. Considering today's increasing population on the coasts and historical tsunamis, it is essential to estimate the probable tsunami risk, which might occur, to be able to mitigate the risk before the actual tsunami event happens. For this purpose, European Union funded project., SEAHELLARC is formed to develop a methodology and tools for seismic and tsunami safety and enhance the protection of coastal areas in the western part of Peloponnese in Greece by simultaneous observations and evaluation of onshore and offshore data. In this paper, we present the tsunami simulations of characteristics of possible tsunami source scenarios for the Pylos-Zakynthos-Filiatra and Kyparissia regions, located at western part of Greece. We use NAMIDANCE tsunami simulation and visualization tool to estimate extreme but possible tsunami wave effects in these regions. In the simulations the tsunami arrival times, maximum positive and negative amplitudes are computed, plotted, compared and discussed for the coastal areas of Zakynthos, Filiatra, Kyparissia and Pylos. Furthermore, a detailed mapping of the bathymetric features is performed to define possible landslides and lithological variations at the marine bottom. The uppermost sediments are mapped by sub-bottom profiling, while possible faults are identified by multi-channel reflection mapping at the western Peloponnese. This paper also builds upon the background of a seismic hazard assessment for the region to draw several credible tsunami occurrence scenarios that have been numerically simulated.
Citation - WoS: 0
Exact Forecasting for COVID-19 Data: Case Study for Turkey
(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2021) Dinckal, Cigdem; Dinçkal, Çiğdem; 26773; İnşaat Mühendisliği
The novel coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) with the first clinical case emerged in the city of Wuhan in China in December 2019. Then it has spread to the entire world in very short time and turned into a global problem, namely, it has rapidly become a pandemic. Within this context, many studies have attempted to predict the consequences of the pandemic in certain countries. Nevertheless, these studies have focused on some parameters such as reproductive number, recovery rate and mortality rate when performing forecasting. This study aims to forecast COVID-19 data in Turkey with use of a new technique which is a combination of classical exponential smoothing and moving average. There is no need for reproductive number, recovery rate and mortality rate computation in this proposed technique. Simulations are carried out for the number of daily cases, active cases (those are cases with no symptoms), daily tests, recovering patients, patients in the intensive care unit, daily intubated patients, and deaths forecasting and results are tested on Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) criterion. It is shown that this technique captured the system dynamic behavior in Turkey and made exact predictions with the use of real time dataset.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 8
Failure Modes in Structural Applications of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites and Their Prevention
(Woodhead Publ Ltd, 2013) Gunes, O.
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have been increasingly used in civil engineering applications in the past two decades. Their wide ranging use, however, is still not realized due to a few fundamental issues including high material costs, relatively short history of applications and the gaps in the development of established standards. Design safety requires that all possible modes and mechanisms of failure are identified, characterized, and accounted for in the design procedures. This chapter provides a review of the failure types encountered in structural engineering applications of FRP and the preventive methods and strategies that have been developed to eliminate or delay such failures. As part of preventive measures, various non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) methods used for monitoring FRP applications are discussed with illustrative examples.
Citation - Scopus: 0
Farklı savak yüksekliğine ve konfigürasyona sahip dairesel labirent savakların deneysel modellenmesi
(Gumushane University, 2023) Yildiz, A.; Marti, A.İ.; Göğüş, M.; 6062
Due to their zigzag geometry in plain view, labyrinth weirs require less crest length compared to linear weirs in the dam body or in the channels where they are placed. In this study, the effect of the number of cycles (N) and weir heights (P) of the semi-circular labyrinth weirs on the flow efficiency was investigated. Semi-circular labyrinth weirs, unlike triangular and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs, increase the discharge efficiency by making the areas that reduce the flow capacity at the intersection areas more efficient and by allowing the flow to move in a more perpendicular direction to the weir walls. The experiments were carried out on 3 different configurations (N=2, 3 and 4) depending on the number of semi-circles they contain. In all configurations, a total of 3 weir heights (P=0.20, 0.30 m and 0.40 m) were used and 9 test setups were prepared. In addition, to reference the results obtained from circular weirs, experiments were carried out with linear weirs at 3 different weir heights (P=0.20, 0.30 m and 0.40 m), and a total of 12 experiments were carried out. n this study, the effect of the number of cycles (N) and weir heights (P) of the semicircular labyrinth weirs on the discharge efficiency was investigated. The results obtained from the circular labyrinth weir experiments were compared with previous studies and it was seen that the semi-circular labyrinth weirs had higher discharge capacity than the triangular labyrinth weirs. In addition, semi-circular labyrinth weirs provided a longer effective crest length than the triangular form with the same channel width, they provide higher flow rates at the same weir load. © 2023, Gumushane University. All rights reserved.
Citation - Scopus: 2
Flow and turbulence measurements in a diagonal brush fish pass: A field study
(Utah State University, 2018) Kucukali, S.; Küçükali, Serhat; Hassinger, R.; Verep, B.; Mutlu, T.; Ozelci, D.; 20413; İnşaat Mühendisliği
This study aims to investigate flow and turbulence structure of a diagonal brush fish passage which has been constructed at the existing Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) on İyidere River on the East Black Sea Coast of Turkey. The flow and turbulence characteristics of diagonal brush fish pass were investigated in a 1.1 m wide rectangular flume with a bed slope of 10% for Reynolds and Froude numbers ranging between 3.45x104-2.4x105 and 0.15-0.16, respectively. By taking into account dynamic upstream water levels (H=101.20 m to H=102.05 m) of fish pass structure throughout the year, the vertical velocity profiles of different flow regions have been obtained by using Nivus instrument, whereas the turbulence quantities were gathered by measuring the three-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields using Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The flow data was grouped for four different relative submergence of bristles. Thus, the analysis is done based on a physical basis and focus on the most important hydraulic parameters of velocity field, turbulence, and flow depth for fish passage design. The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows: (i) a significant proportion of energy dissipation (>50%) takes place in the brush plates with the vibration and bending of bristles, (ii) turbulent kinetic energy seems to be considerably lower for a same dissipated power in brush fish pass than other conventional fish passes (vertical slot and nature type), (iii) the turbulence intensities in the lateral velocity component were an important contributor to turbulence, and (iv) when the bristles are submerged, the maximum turbulent kinetic energy value is tripled. The flow is quasi-uniform and in subcritical regime which provides different migration corridors with typical hydraulic conditions and, very important for the fish, these corridors continue through the complete fish pass. The results from this study would be useful to fish-pass designers. © 2018 7th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, ISHS. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Flow Rate along the Length of the Swirling Vortex Axis at an Intake
(Turkish Chamber Civil Engineers, 2021) Tastan, Kerem; Yıldırım, Nevzat; Yildirim, Nevzat; 12654; İnşaat Mühendisliği
In this study, the characteristics of the flow in the region of swirling vortex are examined. The potential flow model based on the summing infinite number of spherical sinks along the vortex core is introduced to predict the flow field and the flow rate along the vortex axis. The flow towards the swirling vortex core has considerable effects on the radial velocity distribution within the ambient fluid flow region near the intake. The agreement between available test data relating to the radial velocity and the method introduced in this study is found to be satisfactory.
New predictor-corrector type iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations
(2017) Dinçkal, Çiğdem; 26773; İnşaat Mühendisliği
Bu makale, nonlineer denklemleri çözmek için, iki yeni öngörme-düzeltme tipi yineli yöntem önerir. Bu yöntemler, iyi bilinen ikiye bölme yöntemi ve Newton-Raphson yönteminin kombinasyonuna dayalı bir şekilde oluşturulmuştur. Çeşitli nümerik örnekler, bu yöntemlerin ana amaçlarını doğrulamaya ve nümerik sonuçlarını karşılaştırmaya hizmet etmektedir. Nümerik sonuçlar, herhangi nonlineer bir denklemin tam köküne ulaşmak için elde edilecek yineleme sayısı cinsinden bu yeni önerilen yöntemlerin yakınsama hızlarını test etmek için de sunulmuştur. Elde edilen bu nümerik sonuçlar, önerilen yeni yöntemlerin iyi bilinen her iki yöntemlerden biri olan ikiye bölme ve NewtonRaphson'dan ve ayrıca literatürdeki diğer yöntemlerden de daha iyi performans gösterdiğine de, işaret etmektedir.
Citation - WoS: 0
Citation - Scopus: 0
On the mechanical and elastic properties of anisotropic engineering materials based upon harmonic representations
(int Assoc Engineers-iaeng, 2013) Dinckal, Cigdem; 26773
This paper presents a new aspect of harmonic decomposition method for elastic constant tensor of various anisotropic materials. Some misprints found in literature are corrected. This procedure derived here, is applied to anisotropic engineering materials possessing different elastic symmetries. In order to gain insight about these applications, numerical illustrations are presented for anisotropic engineering materials. A new description of norm in terms of harmonic tensors is introduced instead of well-known form of norm. This case is a significant innovation for specifying the anisotropy degree of any engineering materials to have opinion about the mechanical and elastic properties of these materials.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 3
Orthonormal decomposition of third rank tensors and applications
(int Assoc Engineers-iaeng, 2013) Dinckal, Cigdem; Dinçkal, Çiğdem; 26773; İnşaat Mühendisliği
A new procedure for representation of third rank tensors in terms of its orthonormal irreducible decomposed parts, namely as irreducible decomposition is presented. Orthonormal tensor basis method is developed by using the results of existing theory in the literature. As an example to third rank tensors, piezoelectricity tensor is decomposed by each method and results of this decomposition methods are compared for this tensor in hexagonal symmetry. As a result of comparison process, it is stated that the results for new method and other one are consistent and each decomposed parts have physical meaning. Moreover, the norm concept of piezoelectricity tensor is used to study the piezoelectric effect of some materials. It is also shown that one can determine in which material the piezoelectric effect is stronger by using the norm for different materials with the same symmetries.
Citation - WoS: 0
Performance-Based Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Historic Unreinforced Concrete Wall Buildings With Interior Steel Frames
(Dolnoslaskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne-dwe, 2012) Gunes, Oguz; Güneş, Oğuz; Gunes, Burcu; Sozenoglu, Ismet; 160252; İnşaat Mühendisliği
Performance-based seismic evaluation of historical constructions is a challenge due to the difficulty of their structural analysis that accurately captures their nonlinear behavior. This paper focuses on the use of 3-D nonlinear finite element method for static pushover analysis of unreinforced concrete (URC) wall buildings with interior steel frames for seismic evaluation and retrofit design. Three such historical school buildings with different levels of structural complexity were modeled in detail using advanced finite element programs to obtain their linear and nonlinear behavior under monotonically increasing lateral loads. The capacity curves obtained from pushover analyses were used for performance evaluation using the Capacity Spectrum Method. Retrofit design verification for one of the buildings was performed using the same approach. The results show that despite its involved modeling process and computational expense, pushover analysis of buildings with URC/URM elements using 3-D nonlinear finite element method can become a powerful practical tool for improved seismic performance evaluation and retrofit design.
Su alma ağzı giriş şeklinin hava girişli çevrinti üzerindeki ölçek etkisi
(2018) Taştan, Kerem; Yıldırım, Nevzat; Yıldırım, Nevzat; 12654; İnşaat Mühendisliği
Su alma ağzı giriş şekli, ağız üzerinde su yüzeyinde oluşabilecek hava girişli çevrintinin karakteristiklerini belirlediğinden ağza ait kritik batıklık üzerinde bazı etkilere sahiptir. Bu etkiler hız dağılımı etkisi ve çevrintiyi besleyen ağız debisi etkisi olarak adlandırılabilir. Bu çalışmada 6 farklı ağız giriş şekline (daire, kare, dikdörtgen, eşkenar dörtgen, eşkenar üçgen, yıldız) ve 40 cm2 ve 100 cm2 olmak üzere iki değişik kesit alanına sahip toplam 12 adet su alma yapısına ait kritik batıklık ve kritik batıklığı etkileyen boyutsuz parametreler (su alma yapısına ait Froude, Reynolds ve Weber sayıları) durgun su ortamında deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Deney sonuçları neticesinde ağız giriş geometrisinin kritik batıklık üzerinde bir boyut etkisine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenledir ki, her bir farklı ağız giriş geometrisi ve akım şartı, kritik batıklık açısından kendine özgü özellikler taşır. Aynı ağız debisinde farklı su alma ağzı giriş şekillerinin kritik batıklık üzerindeki etkisi ise debi değerine göre değişim göstermektedir.
Citation - Scopus: 2
Wind energy development in Turkey: Policies and challenges
(European Wind Energy Association, 2013) Kucukali, S.; Küçükali, Serhat; 20413; İnşaat Mühendisliği
This paper aims to explore the availability and potential of wind energy in Turkey as well as assessing related government policies and challenges. As a European Union (EU) candidate several incentives were developed in Turkey for electricity generation from renewable energy sources by the enactment of Law No. 5346 in 2005 which was later restructured by Law No. 6094 in 2010. By June 2012, 57 wind power plants in operation with a total installed capacity of 1776 MW; whereas there are 212 wind power plants are under construction with a total installed capacity of 7166 MW. Within the scope of the study a survey was conducted with experts in order to determine the main barriers for wind energy development. The survey results revealed that the grid connection and change of laws were considered as the most important risks for wind energy development in Turkey. The findings of the case studies demonstrated that the perception of inadequate understanding of the risks elements can lead to project schedule overrun which can result in significant revenue loss.

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