Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü

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Internatıonal Businesses & Impacts on the Defense Industry of Turkey
(LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2013) Gökmen, Aytaç
International business is one of the considerable issues in business studies and has impact in almost every aspects of life. Turkey is located at the convergence of Europe and Asia as well as neighbors to some disputed countries in her region. That’s why, she must have a strong and modern military power to remain sound. However, military research and manufacturing are costly issues that require cooperation with various agencies. Therefore, the Republic of Turkey has cooperation with many national and especially international businesses in order to take advantage of contemporary knowledge, technology and know-how. Thus, the objective of this study is to review a general literature on international business, development of the Turkish Defence Industry, cooperation with international businesses and the effect of this process on the economy.
Tarife Ve Tarife Dışı Engeller: Uluslararası Ticaret Uygulamaları, Ayırt Edici Özellikler Ve Türkiye
(2013) Gökmen, Aytaç
İşletmelerin milli sınırları ötesinde yaptıkları mal, hizmet ya da fayda üretmeye ilişkin eylemler uluslararası ticaret ve yatırım olarak değerlendirilir. 21. yüzyıl itibarı ile artık hiçbir ülke tamı tamına ihtiyacı olan bütün mal ve hizmetleri imal edememektedir. Bu mal ve hizmetlerin tedariki açısından ise uluslararası ticaret faaliyetleri büyük önem arz etmektedir. Ancak, uluslararası ticaret, her ne kadar, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) uygulamaları ile serbestleşse de, yine de tarife ve tarife dışı olmak üzere bazı engellere konu olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise, tarife ve tarife dışı engelleri kuramsal temelde inceleyip, ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklara dayanarak ve de ticari gerçekleşmeleri de göz önüne alarak Türkiye açısından eleştirisini yapmaktır.
Citation - WoS: 1
Financial Market Segmentation: an Application on Islamic Financial Markets
(Journal Applied Economics & Business Research, 2017) Nakip, Mahir; Gökmen, Aytaç; Nakip, Mahir; Gokmen, Aytac; Mohammed, Salah Awad; Uluslararası Ticaret ve Finansman
Muslim world comprises of a considerable part of the earth's population and there are many Muslim states in the world. People who adopted the Islam religion have a distinctive understanding of life based on Al-Quran, Hadith and Sharia. Therefore, all the deeds of Muslims must be in accordance with the way of Islam and Sharia. Finance is an issue in which Sharia prevails. According to the principles of Sharia, conventional financial applications are not proper for Muslims. Therefore, certain financial instruments and regulations are implemented to comply with the rulings of Islam and Sharia. Moreover, the aim of this study is to analyze the financial markets in Muslim countries resting on dependable international resources such as macro economical and financial indicators, and segmenting them by using statistical methods as Cluster and Discriminant analysis. As a result, it is concluded that financial markets in Muslim countries can be segmented by using certain financial indicators. Yet, financial markets in Muslim countries cannot be segmented by using certain economic indicators but, these indicators can be used to discriminate the financial market segments.
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 22
Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion: Evidence From Mena
(Univ Oviedo, 2019) Ozsuca, Ekin Ayse
This study aims to analyze the gender dimension of financial inclusion in MENA countries. Using the World Bank's 2017 Global Findex Database, it explores the underlying factors of gender differences in formal financial services usage via Fairlie decomposition method. The findings of the study indicate that a significant portion of the disparity in financial inclusion is attributable to employment, while age and tertiary education are also found as contributing factors to the financial inclusion gap. Another notable finding is that upper income quintiles contribute positively to the gender gap, indeed to a greater extent compared to lower income groups.
Fınancıalınclusıon In Turkey: Evıdence From Indıvıduallevel Data
(2019) Özşuca, Ekin
Using individual level data from the World Bank Global Findex for 2017, this study analyzes the levelof financial inclusion and explores its main determinants in Turkey. In particular, it explores how individualcharacteristics (i.e. gender, age, income, education) are associated with the usage of formal financial servicesand impinge on the perceived barriers to account ownership among financially excluded individuals in Turkey.The results of the study indicate that being man, older, richer and more educated increases the likelihood ofhaving a formal account and formal saving. Moreover, mobile banking is found to be driven by identicalindividual characteristics with that of other traditional formal financial services usage. As regards with the mainobstacles for not having a formal account, each one of the individual attributes seems to be significant inexplaining different voluntary and involuntary self-reported barriers behind financial exclusion. The findingsare of remarkable importance for designing policies to promote financial inclusion in Turkey.
A Fuzzy AHP approach for selecting a global supplier in pharmaceutical industry
(2012) Taş, Ayşegül
Our study looks into the strategy that should be pursued for raw material procurement by a pharmaceutical firm operating in Turkey. In this paper, pharmaceutical research companies and food industry chemists operating in the global market in the pharmaceutical industry are examined and a suitable supply strategy is suggested for a company operating in Turkey under the specified criteria. The supplier selection is a multi-criterion problem which includes both qualitative and quantitative criteria. This paper proposes a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy-AHP) to efficiently tackle both quantitative and qualitative criteria involved in selection of global supplier in pharmaceutical industry. Four main criteria and thirteen sub-criteria were identified for supplier selection in this problem. The number of suppliers to be selected under these criteria was identified as four. A numerical example presented illustrates the different selection criteria to select the best supplier in pharmaceutical industry.
Sigara Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir Uygulama: Türkiye Örneği
(2010) Temiz, Dilek
Türkiye sigara tüketiminde başta gelen ülkelerden birisidir. Günümüzde, sigara geleneksel bir tüketim maddesi halini almış durumdadır. Bu çalışmadaki amaç, 1980-2008 dönemi için, Türkiye’de sigara tüketimini etkileyen faktörleri bir ekonometrik model çerçevesinde incelemektir. Oluşturulan sigara tüketim modelinde, GSMH, işsiz nüfus, 15 yaş ve üstü nüfus, şehir nüfusu, kır nüfusu ve sigara fiyatı sigara tüketimini etkileyen önemli değişkenler olarak alınmıştır. Bu değişkenler ile sigara tüketimi arasındaki ilişki En Küçük Kareler (EKK) yöntemiyle tahmin edilmiştir. EKK yöntemi sonucunda Türkiye’de sigara tüketimiyle işsiz nüfus ve sigara fiyatları ile sigara tüketimi arasında ters yönlü ilişkilerin olduğu; kentleşme oranının sigara tüketiminin azalmasında önemli derecede rol oynadığı; 15 yaş ve üstü nüfus ile GSMH’nin ise sigara tüketimini artıran en önemli değişkenler olduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, sigara tüketimini azaltmak için, Türkiye’de sigara fiyatlarının enflasyon oranının üzerinde arttırılması önerilebilir. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de sanayileşmenin yaygınlaşmasının şehirleşme oranını ve yüksek eğitimli okumuş insan sayısını arttırması ve geleneksel sigara tüketimi alışkanlığının böylelikle değişmesi de mümkün görünmektedir
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Symmetric and Asymmetric Relationship Between Maritime Transportation and Foreign Trade Volume
(inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2021) Dinc, Dilek Temiz; Karamelikli, Huseyin
In this study, the short and the long-run relationship between maritime transportation and foreign trade volume and also the linear and nonlinear characteristics of this relationship were investigated. Linear relations between maritime transportation and foreign trade volume were analysed by the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, and nonlinear relations were analysed by the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model by using monthly data between 2004 and 2018 in Turkey. According to the results, it was revealed that only the short-run asymmetry and long-run symmetry model was statistically valid and that results should be taken into consideration.
Uluslararası İşletmelerin Türkiye’ye Yatırımları Ve Belirleyici Etmenler
(2013) Gökmen, Aytaç
Küreselleşmenin getirdiği, ülkeler ve işletmeler için önemli gelişmelerden biri, artık dünyanın dört bir yanında yatırım yapabilmenin olanaklı olmasıdır. Ancak, yatırım yapmak için ön koşul, talebi olan mal ve hizmetler sunmak ve bunları üretecek kaynaklara sahip olmaktır. Ülkelerin sahip oldukları kaynaklar ve diğer olanaklar ise uluslararası işletmelerin farklı yerlerde yatırım yapmalarını sağlar. Türkiye, Avrupa ve Asya’nın kesişme noktasında, birçok ülkeye ve bölgeye komşu bir coğrafyada yer almaktadır. Bu durum ise yerli ve yabancı işletmeleri yatırım yapıp, yeni pazarlara yönelimlerini sağlayabilmektir. Durum daha çok yabancı işletmeler açısından dikkate alındığında ise amaçlanan riskin en az, getirin en fazla olduğu yerlerde yatırım yapılmasıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise, güvenilir yerli ve yabancı kaynaklara dayanarak, Türkiye’nin uluslararası işletmeler açısından sunduğu yatırım olanaklarını ve belirleyici etmenleri değerlendirmektir
Citation - WoS: 37
Citation - Scopus: 46
Dynamic Linkages Between Renewable Energy, Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth Through Nonlinear Ardl Approach: Evidence From Iran
(Public Library Science, 2021) Karimi, M. S.; Ahmad, S.; Karamelikli, H.; Dinc, D. T.; Khan, Y. A.; Sabzehei, M. T.; Abbas, S. Z.
This study examines the relationship between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and carbon emissions in Iran between 1975-2017, and the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the asymmetric method was used in this study. The results reveal that in the long run increase in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions causes an increase in real GDP per capita. Meanwhile, the decrease in renewable energy has the same effect, but GDP per capita reacts more strongly to the rise in renewable energy than the decline. Besides, in the long run, a reduction of CO2 emissions has an insignificant impact on GDP per capita. Furthermore, the results from asymmetric tests suggest that reducing CO2 emissions and renewable energy consumption do not have an essential role in decreasing growth in the short run. In contrast, an increase in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions do contribute to boosting the growth. These results may be attributable to the less renewable energy in the energy portfolio of Iran. Additionally, the coefficients on capital and labor are statistically significant, and we discuss the economic implications of the results and propose specific policy recommendations.
Foreign Direct Investment Operations of International Businesses and Their Impact in Turkey
(2020) Yurtseven, Ömer; Temiz Dinç, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç
The Republic of Turkey is located at the crossroads of many trade and investment routes, converging East with the West and North with the South. However, Turkey is not self-sufficient with respect to capital formation. As a result, it wishes to obtain the deficient part of the capital stock from foreign sources, mainly from foreign direct investment (FDI). The purpose of this paper is to examine the FDI inflows to the Turkish Republic and its effect on economic growth by employing the augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Phillips-Perron, Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, Shin unit root tests, and least squares method. The results indicate that FDI inflows to Turkey bring about economic growth.
The Angry Customers: A Reflection on Apparel Retailers in Turkey
(2015) A. Ergin, Elif; Özdemir, Handan; Özsaçmacı, Bülent
While anger is the dominant affective reaction following service failure, little research focused on its potentially damaging effects. Different consumers can have different emotional reactions to the same event depending on their expectations and personality situations. The present study aims to discover the circumstances where consumers reveal an anger emotion toward the apparel retail stores. The study also investigates how this anger situation impacts consumers’ purchasing decisions and attitudes toward the apparel retail stores. Results revealed five major sources of anger that influence consumers in a negative manner both in terms of their attitude toward a particular retail store and their acts of purchases from the store.
The Importance Of Renewable Energy Sources in Turkey
(2010) Temiz, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç
Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its industrial production and population. Parallel to this, its demand for energy is amounting fast. Energy is one of Turkey's most important development preferences. Today, Turkey's energy necessity is fundamentally dependent on oil, natural gas, and electricity. On the other hand, Turkey's energy production meets only 30% of its total energy consumption and thereby is an energy importing country. On the other hand, Turkey has a large potential for renewable energies. The renewable sources in Turkey are solar, wind, biomass, hydro, solar and geothermal. Most of Turkey's production facilities are based on fossil fuels. However, every year, Turkey has to meet a great burden to meet the costs of importing fossil fules and the costs of the damages that occur in the environment by the utilization of fossil fules and their byproducts which is environmetal degredation. Besides, Turkey is an abundant country with respect to renewable energy sources and could benefit considerably by the utilization of this green type enrgy. Moreover, the implementation of renewable energy technologies can lower the current national and global environmental problems as well as secure energy necessities of Turkey associated with the production and use of fossil energies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to present the energy situation and potential of the renewable energy sources in Turkey as well as associate these factors with the environmental issues.
Citation - Scopus: 5
Foreign Direct Investment and Its Impact on Economic Performance: the Case of Turkey and Nigeria
(Routledge, 2015) Abubakar, M.S.; Temiz, D.; Gökmen, A.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been affecting global business affairs for decades. A country, whether developed or developing, necessitates more FDI entry than other countries because the FDI inflow may bring certain advantages such as capital accumulation, knowledge, know-how transfer, and obtainment of updated technology. Thus, the entry of FDI into a host country is expected to reveal positive aftermaths. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of FDI entry into Nigeria and Turkey for the years 1970–2012 by using econometric methods such as VAR, VECM, unit root test, cointegration test, causality test, impulse-response functions, and variance decomposition. As a result, it was estimated that there is no positive impact of FDI entry on economic growth in Nigeria and in Turkey. © 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 9
The Importance and Impact of Fossil and Renewable Energy Sources in Turkey on Business and the Economy
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2015) Gokmen, A.; Temiz, D.
Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. In parallel, its demand for energy is increasing fast. Energy is one of Turkey's most important development priorities. Today, Turkey's economy is mainly dependent on oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity. Turkey's energy production meets only a part of its total energy consumption and thereby is an energy-importing country. On the other hand, Turkey has a large potential for renewable energies. The most important renewable sources for Turkey's energy sector are wind, biomass, hydro, solar and geothermal. Renewable energy sources respond to the process of the trio of energy, economy, and environment because, as a local source it has many positive effects on employment and provides momentum to the economy of the country. Turkey would have to commit to the development and implementation of renewable energy technologies and energy conservation. The implementation of renewable energy technologies would reduce the current national and global environmental problems as well as national energy insecurity associated with the production and use of fossil energies. Thus, the aim of this article is to present the energy situation and potential of the renewable energy sources in Turkey as well as associate these factors with the economy and business priorities.
Citation - Scopus: 10
Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) and Export Relation in Turkey: 1991-2010
(2011) Temiz, D.; Gökmen, A.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important element in development of economic power with regard to growth. FDI is an efficient tool to transfer new technologies, managerial skills, knowledge, capital flow and so on. On the other hand, exportation is another means to integrate the economy of a country with that of the world and secure economic growth as well enhancing economic advantages. In this article, we attempt to research the relationship between FDI and export. The article begins with the definition of FDI theory, explains the motives fostering FDI, FDI and Turkey, FDI and export relation theoretically, and concludes with an empirical analysis of FDI and export in Turkey. The empirical research investigates the relationship between export and FDI by using monthly time series data for the Turkish economy over the period from December 1991 to October 2010. The study applies of the following econometric techniques: unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction model (VECM), and Granger causality test. The cointegration analysis suggests long-run equilibrium relationship between the examined variables. The results of the Granger causality test showed a causal relationship between these variables. The causality results are consistent with the results reported by the vector error correction model (VECM). © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Citation - WoS: 18
Citation - Scopus: 20
Monetary Policy Rules in Practice: Re-Examining the Case of Turkey
(Elsevier, 2008) Omay, Tolga; Hasanov, Muebariz
This paper investigates possible asymmetries in the monetary policy reaction function of the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey over the business cycles. It is found that the bank reacted more aggressively towards output stabilisation during recessions than expansions. The empirical evidence suggests that the inflation targeting policy of the Turkish Central Bank was accommodative rather than stabilising. Furthermore, it is found that although the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey responded to foreign reserves, real exchange rates and short-term capital inflows both in expansion and recession periods, the bank targeted money growth, budget deficits, and net foreign assets only in expansion periods. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Financial Inclusion and Legal Gender Discrimination: New Evidence from Developing Countries
(Ijopec Publication, 2018) Özşuca Erenoğlu, Ekin Ayşe; Şiriner, İsmail; Kılıçkan, Zişan Yardım
The Importance of the Destination Choices of Tourists: The Case of Kazakh Tourists Visiting Turkey
(IGI Global, 2020) Nakip, M.; Gökmen, A.
This article describes how the tourism industry is one of the cornerstones of an economy when utilized effectively. Moreover, since the tourism destinations in a country cannot be moved to the visitors, tourists are promoted to visit these places. Therefore, in order to entice the tourists to visit a country, it is indispensable to advertise and promote a destination properly with its hospitality, recreation, sightseeing, sun, sea and natural characteristics in order to attract more visitors. Thus, the aim of this article is to review the literature comprehensively on the economic reflections of the tourism industry, significance of the marketing and promotion of destinations. With this information, the factors affecting the destination choices of tourists are determined. Finally, these factors are used to review the destination preferences of Kazakh tourists to the Turkish Republic by taking destination attractiveness, attributes and management issues into consideration alongside statistical applications. © 2021, IGI Global.
Global sourcing: a theoretical study in Turkey
(2010) Gökmen, Aytaç
Global sourcing is to source from the global market for goods and services across national boundaries in order to take advantage of the global efficiencies in the delivery of a product or service. Such efficiencies are consists of low cost skilled labor, low cost raw materials and other economic factors like tax breaks and deductions as well as low trade tariffs. When we assess the case regarding to Turkey, global sourcing is an effective device for some firms. The domestic firms in Turkey at various industries are inclined to global source finished or intermediate goods from the world markets, finish the production process in Turkey and export. Eventually, on the one hand the export volume of Turkey increases, but on the other hand the import of a considerable volume of finished or intermediate goods bring about a negative trade balance and loss of jobs in Turkey. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the concept of global sourcing transactions on Turkey resting on comprehensive publications

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