Uluslararası Ticaret Bölümü

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Seasonality in household demand for meat and fish: Evidence from an urban area
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2005) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; 105848
This paper, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), derives estimates of factors influencing household demand for meat and fish during different seasons. Using primary data obtained from the survey, a system of equations pertaining to budget share, demand elasticities of own price, cross price and expenditure for meat and fish was estimated. The main conclusion is that there are seasonal effects on the consumption of meat and fish. In particular, during the Muslim Festival of Sacrifice the budget share of meat increases. Further, people living in urban areas were not sensitive to price increases except for in anchovy. This study is of importance to policy makers, producers and marketing strategists alike, as this conclusion will help them to design their respective policies to use resources more efficiently
Competitiveness of Major Exporting Countries and Turkey in the World Fishery Market: A Constant Market Share Analysis
(2005) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Fidan, Halil
The purpose of this study is to examine whether and to what extent the shares of selected countries' fishery exports in the world markets reflect their international competitiveness. The Constant Market Share (CMS) model, which decomposes export growth into some broad components (i.e., structural effects, market effects, commodity effects and competitive effects), is applied to examine this issue. The results of decomposition analysis revealed that structural factors have been more significant in explaining the growth of exports. The growth effects, though, appeared positive for each country, the exports of open economies like Canada, the United States, Iceland and Turkey benefited more from the growth of world exports. The analysis of commodity composition and market effects suggests that countries like Canada, the United States, Iceland and Turkey were pursuing the product differentiation policy and were penetrating in those markets, which have been growing relatively faster. These countries remained committed throughout the sample period (i.e., 1980-2000) to export their diversified products in fast-growing markets. The analysis of competitiveness effects, which are derived as a residual, show that Norway, Spain, the United States, Indonesia, Thailand, sChile and China were strong fishery exporters and increased their competitiveness during the sample period.
Seasonality in Household Demand for Meat and Fish: Evidence from an Urban Area
(2005) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad
: This paper, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), derives estimates of factors influencing household demand for meat and fish during different seasons. Using primary data obtained from the survey, a system of equations pertaining to budget share, demand elasticities of own price, cross price and expenditure for meat and fish was estimated. The main conclusion is that there are seasonal effects on the consumption of meat and fish. In particular, during the Muslim Festival of Sacrifice the budget share of meat increases. Further, people living in urban areas were not sensitive to price increases except for in anchovy. This study is of importance to policy makers, producers and marketing strategists alike, as this conclusion will help them to design their respective policies to use resources more efficiently.
Tariff negotiations in Rubinstein bargaining model
(2006) Yazıcı, Mehmet; 144084
This paper applies Rubinstein bargaining model to tariff negotiations in order to predict the outcome of the bargaining. Following Dixit (1987) and Mayer (1981), we are able to express tariff strategies in the form of reaction functions. This results in a strategy space much larger than that considered in the literature and also in a smooth welfare frontier. Having applied Rubinstein Bargaining model, we have characterized the outcome of the tariff negotiations and given an example, which indicates that the negotiations will lead to free trade when countries are symmetric.
Knowledge-induced technological change: A study involving the automobile innovation in Malaysia with layers of techniques
(2006) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Azid, Toseef; Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad
Purpose - To apply the Tawhidi epistemology in the automobile industry as the paradigm of the Islamic socio-scientific order in terms of its inherent knowledge-centered worldview. Design/methodology/approach - The concepts of unity and unification of knowledge in a system-wide sense are analytically developed in the framework of shuratic process or equivalently as the interactive, integrative and evolutionary process-oriented methodology (IIE). Findings - The analytical conceptualization is derived in the light of Qur'anic rules (ahkam) and recommended that policies, programs and instruments would jointly promote the development of mutual profitability and address the social milieu as well. Research limitations/implications - Tawhidi unification methodology of extensive participation and linkage can be applied widely. Originality/value - Certain policy recommendations in the light of the shari'ah precepts of this case study can be made. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Market reforms, spatial price spread and market connectedness: Evidence from wheat markets in Pakistan
(2006) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad
This study, while using the data from 8 wheat markets of Pakistan, examines the extent of spatial price spread and market connectedness during reform and pre-reform periods. It is found that market reforms reduced the spatial price spread in 21 of 28 pairs of markets during reform period. The general view that more near the two markets are, stronger will be the co-movement of their prices, did not get support from empirical evidences. By encouraging the private sector and also limiting the extent of government intervention in the trading activity, correct price signals can be transmitted down to the marketing channel and can guide the farmers to specialize according to their comparative advantages. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Dynamics of wheat prices in the wake of market reforms: the case of Pakistan
(Springer, 2006) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; Kıral, Taner
Using Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARCH) method, this paper examines the effects of market reforms on the distribution of real mean prices and their variability before and after reforms. It is found that market-oriented reforms benefited producers and consumers alike. Empirical evidences, generally, support theoretical assertion that mean prices decline in most urban areas and increase in those markets that are located in surplus producing areas. The results also showed that market reforms lead to more price volatility
Does the incomplete information matter with export quotas?
(2006) Yazıcı, Mehmet; 144084
This study investigates whether or not incomplete information matters when the government adopts the export quotas in intervening in the oligopolistic export markets. Incomplete information the government has is about the unit-production cost of the domestic firm. It is shown first that quotas optimal under full information (full-information policy) result in Stackelberg outcome, the best outcome in a non-cooperative setting from the domestic firm's point of view. When the full-information policy is implemented in the presence of incomplete information, it is found that no cost-type has an incentive to misrepresent itself as the other type. This means that full-information outcome will be achieved with incomplete information. Hence, incomplete information does not matter in the case of export quotas. This result, however, does not carry over to the case of more than one domestic firm.
Türkiye’de Ekonomik Gelişmeler: 2005-2007
(2007) Çarıkçı, Emin
Kasım 2000 Likidite Krizi ve Şubat 2001 Finans Krizi sonrası, IMF destekli bir Ekonomik İstikrar Programı’na ek olarak, ekonomi yönetiminde politik müdahaleleri asgari düzeye indirebilmek için BDDK ve Kamu İhaleleri Üst Kurulu gibi 10 üst kurul kurulmuştur. Buna ek olarak Bankalar Kanunu, Hazinenin İç Borçlanma Kanunu ve Merkez Bankası’nın Bağımsızlığı Kanunu gibi girişimlerle söz konusu kurumların özerkliklerinin sağlanması ve Türkiye’de siyasi istikrarın oluşturulmasıyla ortaya çıkan müspet etkiler ve beraberinde Ekonomik Programda mali disipline uyulmasının piyasalara güven vermesi sonucu Türk ekonomisi 2002 başından beri pozitif bir büyüme göstermektedir. Her ekonominin sahip olduğu temel hedeflerin ilki yıllık enflasyonu düşürmektir. Bununla beraber ekonomiler istikrarlı bir şekilde her yıl yüzde 5 dolayında pozitif büyümeyi hedefler. Bu yazının amacı, 2001 yılından 2004 yılına kadarki süreçte, söz konusu bu iki veride gerçekleşen gelişmeleri belirtmek ve 2005-2006’daki ekonomik gelişmeleri detaylı bir şekilde incelemektir. 2003–2004 yıllarındaki dış ticaret, devlet bütçesi, iç ve dış borç stokları gibi diğer ekonomik gerçekleşmeleri de Tablo-1’den takip edebilirsiniz. Yıllık enflasyon artışları, TÜFE ve ÜFE (TEFE) bazında sırasıyla 2000 yılında yüzde 31 ve yüzde 32.7, 2001 yılında yüzde 68.5 ve yüzde 88.6, 2002 yılında yüzde 29.7 ve yüzde 30.8’e, 2003 yılında yüzde 18.4 ve yüzde 13.9’a, 2004 yılında yüzde 9.3 ve yüzde 13.8’e, 2005 yılında da yüzde 7.7 ve yüzde 2.7’ye gerilemiştir. GSMH büyüme hızı ise, 2000 yılından 2001 yılına kadarki süreçte yüzde 6.3’ten yüzde -9.5’e gerilemiştir. Bu oran; 2002 yılında yüzde 7.8, 2003 yılında yüzde 5.9, 2004 yılında yüzde 9.9 ve 2005 yılında da yüzde 7.6’lık bir artış göstermiştir.
Business groups and internal capital markets
(Taylor&Francis INC, 2007) Gönenç, Halit; Kan, Özgür B.; Karadağlı, Ece Ceylan
We compare the performance of firms affiliated with diversified business groups with the performance of unaffiliated firms in Turkey, all emerging market. We address the question of whether group-affiliated firms create internal capital markets or control large cash flows. Our findings indicate that group affiliation improves a firm accounting performance, but not stock market performance. Deviation of cash-flow rights front voting rights has a negative but insignificant effect on accounting performance, but a significant effect on market performance. We also find that a firm's accounting, but not stock market, performance increases with the level of group diversification. Our results show that internal capital markets play an important role for the existence of business groups in all emerging market context
The Exchange Rate and the Trade Balances of Turkish Agriculture, Manufacturing and Mining
(Springer, 2008) Yazıcı, Mehmet; 144084
This paper investigates and compares the response to the exchange rate changes of trade balances of three Turkish sectors; agriculture, manufacturing and mining. The impact on trade balance of exchange rate changes is examined using the trade balance model employed in Bahmani-Oskooee [1985, Review of Economics and Statistics 67: 500]. Analysis is conducted based on the quarterly data from 1986: I to 1998: III. It is observed that in response to domestic currency depreciation trade balance of each of all three sectors first improves, then deteriorates and then improves again. Despite exhibiting similar pattern of reaction to the exchange rate change in the short run, long-run or overall response of trade balance differs across the sectors; while trade balances of both manufacturing and mining improve in the long run, agricultural trade balance worsens as a result of domestic-currency depreciation
Monetary policy rules in practice: Re-examining the case of Turkey
(Elsevier Science, 2008) Omay, Tolga; Omay, Tolga
This paper investigates possible asymmetries in the monetary policy reaction function of the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey over the business cycles. It is found that the bank reacted more aggressively towards output stabilisation during recessions than expansions. The empirical evidence suggests that the inflation targeting policy of the Turkish Central Bank was accommodative rather than stabilising. Furthermore, it is found that although the Central Bank of Republic of Turkey responded to foreign reserves, real exchange rates and short-term capital inflows both in expansion and recession periods, the bank targeted money growth, budget deficits, and net foreign assets only in expansion periods
Cointegration, causality and the transmission of shocks across wheat market in Pakistan
(Springer, 2009) Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad
This paper uses quarterly price data and examines the transmission of shocks across different spatially separated locations besides identifying causality among these locations. Johansen and Juselius's (Econ. Stat., 52, 160-210, 1990) multivariate cointegration procedure identified two cointegrating vectors among these locations. Following Toda and Yamamoto (J. Econom., 66, 225-250, 1995), causality tests showed only one bi-directional causality and it was between Peshawar and Hyderabad locations. Faisalabad and Sargodha appeared independent (i.e. exogenous) market locations in price discovery process. Peshawar market showed maximum (i.e. 5) number of significant links. The generalized impulse response functions, though, suggested similar (cyclical) pattern of responses across the markets, but their time profile, which provides insight into the system's speed of convergence to long run equilibrium path, varied with different level of extent and persistency. Responses to shock originating in consumption markets (i.e. Karachi, Peshawar and Lahore) remained short lived; whereas the shocks stemming from surplus wheat producing locations (i.e Multan, Sargodha and Faisalabad) produced long and more persistent responses.
Previous Developments And The Current Situation in The Turkish Banking Sector, Foreign Entry And Its Reflections On The National Banking Industry
(2009) Gökmen, Aytaç; Hamsioğlu, A. Buğra; 17660
The banking industry possesses a unique property that is unlike to other sectors with respect to supplying liquidity and financial strength for the economy and transaction operations However, despite their significance, banking industries in the world are subject to various crises and foreign interventions that could affect the financial industry negatively. This study describes the background of the Turkish Banking Sector, explains the reasons for the three major crises it was subjected to in 1994, 2001 and 2002 that resulted from numerous factors such as insufficient implementation of regulations, inadequate depth of the capital markets, lack of assessment of risk, inadequate managerial applications and excessive lending to incorporated institutions. The study also dwells on the restructuring process that has been continuing for more than two decades, reasons of foreign entry to the Turkish Banking Industry, as well as explains the reflections of foreign entry on the national banking industry depending on various comprehensive and credible national and international publications.
Enflasyonun Toplam Otomobil Üretimi Üzerine Etkisi Türkiye Örneği
(2009) Temiz, Dilek; 52039
Gümrük birliği ile birlikte Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinde yapısal değişimler oldu mu?
(2009) Temiz, Dilek; 52039
Bu çalışmada, 1992:1-2007:3 döneminde, “Gümrük Birliği’nin Türkiye’nin net ihracatı üzerindeki etkisi”, kurulan ampirik bir model ile ekonometrik yöntemler kullanılarak test edilmektedir. Bu etkinin varlığının ampirik olarak arastırılmasının yanı sıra, GB’nin Türkiye ekonomisi üzerinde meydana getirdiği statik ve dinamik etkileri ortaya koyabilmek adına Türkiye’ye ait dış ticaret rakamları değerlendirilmekte ve ayrıca literatürde yer alan Gümrük Birliği’nin Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine etkileri konusunda yapılmış diğer çalışmalara da yer verilmektedir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan veriler, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), Devlet Planlama Teskilatı (DPT) ve T.C. Merkez Bankası (TCMB) Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi (EVDS) internet sitesinden temin edilmiştir. İlk olarak, çalışmada kullanılan değişkenlerin birim köke sahip olup olmadıkları Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ve Phillips-Perron birim kök testleriyle sınanmış ve değişkenlerin seviyelerinde durağan olmamakla birlikte birinci farklarında durağan hale geldikleri görülmüştür. Daha sonra, durağan serilerle kurulan ampirik modele, Gümrük Birliği’nin başlangıç yılı olan 1996 yılına bir kukla değişken konularak En Küçük Kareler (EKK) yöntemi uygulanmış ve yapılan tahmin sonucunda, “GB’nin Türkiye’nin net ihracatını etkilediği” sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Türkiye ile AB arasındaki dış ticaret rakamları, EKK tahmininde elde edilen bu sonuçla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, Gümrük Birliği sonrasında ticaret hacminde bir artış olmasının yanı sıra net ihracatta da bir düşüş gözlendiği görülmüştür.
Balanced Scorecard (Dengeli Başarı Göstergesi): Bsc Oluşturma Süreci Ve Uygulama Yöntemi
(2009) Gökmen, Aytaç; 17660
Zamanımız işletmeleri oldukça yoğun bir rekabetin bulunduğu bir çevrede uğraşılarına devam etmektedirler. Rekabetin bu denli belirleyici olduğu bir çevrede işletmelerin amaçlarını belirlemeleri ve bu amaçlarına ulaşacak politikalar geliştirmeleri güç olmaktadır. Geçmişte işletmeler başarı göstergesi olarak büyük çoğunlukla mali göstergeleri kullanmalarına rağmen artık, tek başına mali göstergeler yeterli olmamaktadır. Bu anlamda, işletmelerin uygun faaliyet politikalarını belirlemeleri için geliştirilen bir çözüm Balanced Scorecard (BSC)' dır. BSC işletmelerin amaç ve stratejilerini soyut ve somut göstergelere dönüştürmelerini ve işletmenin geleceğe dönük uğraşıları ve performansları daha iyi değerlendirdikleri bir yöntemdir. BSC mali göstergelerin yanında müşteri ilişkileri, içsel göstergeler (süreç planlama, üretim, pazarlama, istihdam gibi iç çevre etkenleri) ve de yeni bilginin işletme içinde edinilmesi, dağılımı ve kullanılması demek olan yenilik ve öğrenme ile ilgili göstergeleri de dikkate alarak işletmelerde kapsamlı bir denetim aracı halini almıştır. Bu çalışmada hedef, BSC kavramını yeniden değerlendirmek ve BSCnin oluşturulması ile uygulanmasına ait kavramsal bir modeli güvenilir uluslararası kaynaklara dayanarak ortaya koymaktır.
The 2000-2001 Financial Crisis In Turkey And The Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Reasons And Comparisons
(2009) Temiz, Dilek; Gökmen, Aytaç; 52039; 17660
The economic crisis of 2000-2001 was proved to be demolishing for Turkey after the abundance of currency peg in the same year. The crisis in question stemmed from insufficient implementation of regulations, inadequate depth of the capital markets, lack of assessment of risk, excessive lending to incorporated institutions by national banks, restricted interest rates, monitored foreign exchange operations, limited foreign asset holding, lack of competition, barriers to foreign entry & high liquidity, chronic inflation and a deficit in balance of payments. However, the crisis that Turkey was subject to in 2008-2009 was quite different than the previous ones as to be a result of world matters. The sparking effect begun in the USA at the mortgage market, the fail of the mortgage market negatively influenced the capital, stock and derivative markets and spread the world. Thus, this study aims to analyze and reveal the reflections of the 2000-2001 and 2008-2009 crises and their comparison with regards to Turkey on theoretical basis resting on numerous comprehensive and credible national and international publications
Import-Content of Exports and J-Curve Effect
(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, 2010) Yazıcı, Mehmet; Klasra, Mushtaq Ahmad; 144084
This article investigates how the response to devaluation of trade balance is affected, compared to J-curve hypothesis, by the presence of imported inputs in the production of exports. Using first the Almon lag technique and then the cointegration and the generalized impulse response function analysis, the J-curve effect is examined in two sectors of Turkish economy (manufacturing and mining), which use imported inputs at different rates. Based on the data covering the period from the first quarter of 1986 to the third quarter of 1998, our results indicate that in neither sector J-curve exists and that the violation of the J-curve effect is more severe in the sector with higher import content
Sigara Tüketimini Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir Uygulama: Türkiye Örneği
(2010) Temiz, Dilek; 52039
Türkiye sigara tüketiminde başta gelen ülkelerden birisidir. Günümüzde, sigara geleneksel bir tüketim maddesi halini almış durumdadır. Bu çalışmadaki amaç, 1980-2008 dönemi için, Türkiye’de sigara tüketimini etkileyen faktörleri bir ekonometrik model çerçevesinde incelemektir. Oluşturulan sigara tüketim modelinde, GSMH, işsiz nüfus, 15 yaş ve üstü nüfus, şehir nüfusu, kır nüfusu ve sigara fiyatı sigara tüketimini etkileyen önemli değişkenler olarak alınmıştır. Bu değişkenler ile sigara tüketimi arasındaki ilişki En Küçük Kareler (EKK) yöntemiyle tahmin edilmiştir. EKK yöntemi sonucunda Türkiye’de sigara tüketimiyle işsiz nüfus ve sigara fiyatları ile sigara tüketimi arasında ters yönlü ilişkilerin olduğu; kentleşme oranının sigara tüketiminin azalmasında önemli derecede rol oynadığı; 15 yaş ve üstü nüfus ile GSMH’nin ise sigara tüketimini artıran en önemli değişkenler olduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, sigara tüketimini azaltmak için, Türkiye’de sigara fiyatlarının enflasyon oranının üzerinde arttırılması önerilebilir. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de sanayileşmenin yaygınlaşmasının şehirleşme oranını ve yüksek eğitimli okumuş insan sayısını arttırması ve geleneksel sigara tüketimi alışkanlığının böylelikle değişmesi de mümkün görünmektedir

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