Ankara kalesi ve çevresine yönelik kent planlama ve güncel koruma uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi
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Dünyada ve Türkiye'de kentsel dönüşüm ve tarihi alan yenileme süreçleri, şehirlerin kültürel miraslarını geleceğe aktarmada kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Prehistorik dönemden itibaren yerleşim gören; Hitit, Frig, Galat, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı gibi büyük medeniyetlere ev sahipliği yaparak Anadolu'nun stratejik bir düğüm noktası olan Ankara, bu zengin tarihsel birikimiyle özgün bir kentsel dokuya sahiptir. Batı dünyasında koruma süreçleri; İtalya, İngiltere ve Çekya örneklerinde görüldüğü üzere sürdürülebilir modellerle yürütülürken; Türkiye'de Osmanlı'dan miras kalan Hassa Mimarlar Ocağı disiplini ile başlayıp modern yasal mevzuatla (2863 ve 5366 sayılı kanunlar) şekillenen daha karmaşık bir gelişim seyri izlemiştir. Bu çalışma, Ankara'nın tarihsel çekirdeği olan Ankara Kalesi ve çevresindeki kentsel planlama stratejilerini evrensel normlar ışığında eleştirel bir perspektifle analiz etmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda Ankara'nın, sadece Cumhuriyet ile 'sıfırdan inşa edilen modern bir kent' değil; tüm bu tarihsel evreleri bünyesinde barındıran çok katmanlı bir kültürel bellek sahası (palimpsest) olduğu saptanmıştır. Ancak, Cumhuriyet sonrası uygulanan Lörcher, Jansen ve Yücel-Uybadin gibi üst ölçekli planların, kentin ekonomik ve idari odağını güneye (Yenişehir/Çankaya) kaydırmasıyla tarihi merkez bir 'stratejik ihmal' sürecine girmiştir. Modernist planlamanın getirdiği bu mekânsal kopuş, Kale ve çevresini kentsel yatırım zincirinden dışlayarak alanı erişilebilirliği düşük bir 'mekânsal izolat' ve zamanla bir 'kentsel çöküntü alanı' (slum) haline getirmiştir. Tezin temel bulguları, on yıllarca süren 'alt ölçekli planlama boşluğunun' ve korumayı sadece fiziksel dondurma olarak gören 'pasif koruma' anlayışının bölgedeki tahribatı derinleştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle Hacı Bayram ve Augustus çevresindeki uygulamalarda görülen bilimsel denetim eksikliğinin aksine; 2019-2025 döneminde yerel yönetim ve akademik bileşenlerle yürütülen çalışmalar, korumayı teknik bir inşaat faaliyeti olmaktan çıkarıp 'bütüncül yaşatma' modeline dönüştürmüştür. Mekânın ruhunu (Genius Loci) merkeze alan bu yeni paradigma; yerel halkı yerinden etmeyen katılımcı bir metodoloji geliştirmiştir. Çalışma, Ankara Kalesi'nin UNESCO Dünya Mirası adaylığı sürecindeki önemini vurgulayarak; dijital katmanlama (AR), ekolojik ulaşım (Soft Mobility) ve çevresel otopark yönetimi gibi stratejik önerilerle, kentin binlerce yıllık tarihsel tacını koruyacak sürdürülebilir bir yol haritası sunmaktadır.
Urban transformation and historical area renewal processes in the world and in Turkey play a critical role in transferring the cultural heritage of cities to the future. Inhabited since the prehistoric period; Ankara, which is a strategic node of Anatolia by hosting great civilizations such as Hittite, Phrygian, Galatian, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman, has a unique urban texture with this rich historical background. Conservation processes in the Western world; While it is carried out with sustainable models, as seen in the examples of Italy, England and Czechia; In Turkey, it has followed a more complex course of development, starting with the discipline of the Hassa Architects Corps inherited from the Ottoman Empire and shaped by modern legal legislation (Laws No. 2863 and 5366). This study analyzes urban planning strategies in and around Ankara Castle, the historical core of Ankara, with a critical perspective in the light of universal norms. As a result of the research, Ankara is not only a 'modern city built from scratch' with the Republic; It has been determined that there is a multi-layered cultural memory area (palimpsest) that includes all these historical phases. However, the historical center entered a process of 'strategic neglect' as high-scale plans such as Lörcher, Jansen and Yücel-Uybadin implemented after the Republic shifted the city's economic and administrative focus to the south (Yenişehir/Çankaya). This spatial break brought about by modernist planning excluded the Castle and its surroundings from the urban investment chain, turning the area into a 'spatial isolate' with low accessibility and, over time, an 'urban collapse area' (slum). The main findings of the thesis reveal that the 'low-scale planning gap' that has lasted for decades and the 'passive protection' approach that sees protection only as physical freezing have deepened the destruction in the region. Contrary to the lack of scientific control seen especially in the practices around Hacı Bayram and Augustus; The work carried out with local government and academic components in the 2019-2025 period has transformed conservation from a technical construction activity into a 'holistic survival' model. This new paradigm centers on the spirit of the place (Genius Loci); It has developed a participatory methodology that does not displace local people. The study emphasizes the importance of Ankara Castle in the UNESCO World Heritage candidacy process; It offers a sustainable road map that will protect the city's thousands of years of historical crown, with strategic suggestions such as digital layering (AR), ecological transportation (Soft Mobility) and environmental parking management.
Urban transformation and historical area renewal processes in the world and in Turkey play a critical role in transferring the cultural heritage of cities to the future. Inhabited since the prehistoric period; Ankara, which is a strategic node of Anatolia by hosting great civilizations such as Hittite, Phrygian, Galatian, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman, has a unique urban texture with this rich historical background. Conservation processes in the Western world; While it is carried out with sustainable models, as seen in the examples of Italy, England and Czechia; In Turkey, it has followed a more complex course of development, starting with the discipline of the Hassa Architects Corps inherited from the Ottoman Empire and shaped by modern legal legislation (Laws No. 2863 and 5366). This study analyzes urban planning strategies in and around Ankara Castle, the historical core of Ankara, with a critical perspective in the light of universal norms. As a result of the research, Ankara is not only a 'modern city built from scratch' with the Republic; It has been determined that there is a multi-layered cultural memory area (palimpsest) that includes all these historical phases. However, the historical center entered a process of 'strategic neglect' as high-scale plans such as Lörcher, Jansen and Yücel-Uybadin implemented after the Republic shifted the city's economic and administrative focus to the south (Yenişehir/Çankaya). This spatial break brought about by modernist planning excluded the Castle and its surroundings from the urban investment chain, turning the area into a 'spatial isolate' with low accessibility and, over time, an 'urban collapse area' (slum). The main findings of the thesis reveal that the 'low-scale planning gap' that has lasted for decades and the 'passive protection' approach that sees protection only as physical freezing have deepened the destruction in the region. Contrary to the lack of scientific control seen especially in the practices around Hacı Bayram and Augustus; The work carried out with local government and academic components in the 2019-2025 period has transformed conservation from a technical construction activity into a 'holistic survival' model. This new paradigm centers on the spirit of the place (Genius Loci); It has developed a participatory methodology that does not displace local people. The study emphasizes the importance of Ankara Castle in the UNESCO World Heritage candidacy process; It offers a sustainable road map that will protect the city's thousands of years of historical crown, with strategic suggestions such as digital layering (AR), ecological transportation (Soft Mobility) and environmental parking management.
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Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
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