Allocation of Shares in Profits and Losses in Terms of Societas and Societas Leonina in Roman Law
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Date
2024
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Abstract
Societas iki veya daha fazla kişinin ortak ve meşru bir amaca ulaşmak üzere mal ve emeklerini bir araya getirmeyi taahhüt ettiği rızaî bir sözleşmedir. Ortaklar, ortaklığın kazancına ve zararına hangi paylarla katılacaklarını belirleyebilmektedir. Kazanca ve zarara katılım payının ortaklar tarafından belirlenmemesi veya bunlardan birinin belirlenmesiyle birlikte diğerinin belirlenmediği hallerde hangi prensibin geçerli olması gerektiği Roma hukukunun birincil kaynak- larında belirtilmiştir. Kazanca ve zarara katılım payının eşit olmaması ile payların hakem tarafından belirlenmesi hususu Romalı hukukçu- lar tarafından ayrıca tartışılmıştır. Bundan başka, bir ortağın kazanca katılmadan sadece zararı üstlendiği ortaklık tipi olan societas leonina (aslan payı ortaklığı) hakkında prensipler belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ilk önce Roma hukukunda societas kavramı ve societas’ın unsurları kısaca incelenmiştir. Daha sonra societas’ta ortakların kazanca ve za- rara katılması hususunda Roma hukukunda geliştirilen prensipler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada societas leonina kavramı ve kavramın tarihsel kökleri üzerinde ayrıca durulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada Roma hukukunun birincil kaynakları olan Corpus Iuris Civilis’in Digesta bö- lümündeki metinler, Gaius’un ve Iustinianus’un Institutiones ese- rindeki metinler ile Phaedrus’un “İnek, Keçi, Koyun ve Aslan” isimli fabula’sı incelenmiş ve Klasik Hukuk Dönemi hukukçuları arasındaki tartışmalara yer verilmiştir. Societas kurumu, çağdaş hukukumuzda- ki adi ortaklığın kökenini oluşturmaktadır. Neticede çalışma, çağdaş hukukumuzun konuya bakış açısına benzeyen ve ondan farklılaşan yönlerinin tespit edilmesini hedeflemektedir.
Societas is a consensual contract in which two or more partners commit to pool their property and labor for a com- mon and legitimate purpose. Partners can agree upon the allocation of profits and losses. If such agreement between partners regard- ing profits and losses has not been made, or only the profits or the losses have been determined while the other has not, the rule to be applied in this case is indicated in the primary sources of Roman law. Additionally, the issues of unequal shares in profits and losses between partners and the determination of shares by an arbitrator were also discussed by Roman jurists. Furthermore, the principles were established in Roman law regarding the societas leonina (lion’s share), a type of partnership where a partner only assumes the losses without participating in profits. The concept of societas in Ro- man law and its elements are briefly examined in the study initially. Subsequently, the principles developed in Roman law regarding the participation of partners in profits and losses are discussed. The con- cept of societas leonina and its historical roots are also examined. Accordingly, texts from Digesta, Gaius’ and Justinian’s Institutiones, and the fable “Vacca et Capella, Ovis et Leo” by Phaedrus have been examined, including discussions among jurists of the Classical Pe- riod of Roman law. The institution of societas is the origin of the ordinary partnership in Turkish law. Consequently, the study aims to identify aspects that resemble and differ from the perspective of Turkish contemporary law on the subject.
Societas is a consensual contract in which two or more partners commit to pool their property and labor for a com- mon and legitimate purpose. Partners can agree upon the allocation of profits and losses. If such agreement between partners regard- ing profits and losses has not been made, or only the profits or the losses have been determined while the other has not, the rule to be applied in this case is indicated in the primary sources of Roman law. Additionally, the issues of unequal shares in profits and losses between partners and the determination of shares by an arbitrator were also discussed by Roman jurists. Furthermore, the principles were established in Roman law regarding the societas leonina (lion’s share), a type of partnership where a partner only assumes the losses without participating in profits. The concept of societas in Ro- man law and its elements are briefly examined in the study initially. Subsequently, the principles developed in Roman law regarding the participation of partners in profits and losses are discussed. The con- cept of societas leonina and its historical roots are also examined. Accordingly, texts from Digesta, Gaius’ and Justinian’s Institutiones, and the fable “Vacca et Capella, Ovis et Leo” by Phaedrus have been examined, including discussions among jurists of the Classical Pe- riod of Roman law. The institution of societas is the origin of the ordinary partnership in Turkish law. Consequently, the study aims to identify aspects that resemble and differ from the perspective of Turkish contemporary law on the subject.
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Tarih, Hukuk
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Source
Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi
Volume
Issue
172
Start Page
263
End Page
292
