Mühendislik Fakültesi

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Citation - WoS: 32
Citation - Scopus: 43
A 3d Virtual Environment for Training Soccer Referees
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Isler, Veysi; O'Connor, Rory V.; Clarke, Paul M.; Gulec, Ulas; Yilmaz, Murat; 47439; 06.01. Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; 06.09. Yazılım Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Emerging digital technologies are being used in many ways by and in particular virtual environments provide new opportunities to gain experience on real-world phenomena without having to live the actual real-world experiences. In this study, a quantitative research approach supported by expert validation interviews was conducted to determine the availability of virtual environments in the training of soccer referees. The aim is to design a virtual environment for training purposes, representing a real-life soccer stadium to allow the referees to manage matches in an atmosphere similar to the real stadium atmosphere. At this point, the referees have a chance to reduce the number of errors that they make in real life by experiencing difficult decisions that they encounter during the actual match via using the virtual stadium. In addition, the decisions and reactions of the referees during the virtual match were observed with the number of different fans in the virtual stadium to understand whether the virtual stadium created a real stadium atmosphere for the referees. For this evaluation, Presence Questionnaire (PQ) and Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ) were applied to the referees to measure their involvement levels. In addition, a semi-structure interview technique was utilized in order to understand participants' opinions about the system. These interviews show that the referees have a positive attitude towards the system since they can experience the events occurred in the match as a first person instead of watching them from camera as a third person. The findings of current study suggest that virtual environments can be used as a training tool to increase the experience levels of the soccer referees since they have an opportunity to decide about the positions without facing the real-world risks.
Citation - WoS: 12
Citation - Scopus: 17
Abstraction-Based Verification of Codiagnosability for Discrete Event Systems
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2010) Schmidt, K.; 06.08. Mekatronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
In this paper, we investigate the verification of codiagnosability for discrete event systems (DES). That is, it is desired to ascertain if the occurrence of system faults can be detected based on the information of multiple local sites that partially observe the overall DES. As an improvement of existing codiagnosability tests that resort to the original DES with a potentially computationally infeasible state space, we propose a method that employs an abstracted system model on a smaller state space for the codiagnosability verification. Furthermore, we show that this abstraction can be computed without explicitly evaluating the state space of the original model in the practical case where the DES is composed of multiple subsystems. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 110
Citation - Scopus: 112
Active Laser Radar Systems With Stochastic Electromagnetic Beams in Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optica Publishing Group, 2008) Cai, Yangjian; Korotkova, Olga; Eyyuboglu, Halil T.; Baykal, Yahya; 7688; 7812; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Propagation of stochastic electromagnetic beams through paraxial ABCD optical systems operating through turbulent atmosphere is investigated with the help of the ABCD matrices and the generalized Huygens-Fresnel integral. In particular, the analytic formula is derived for the cross-spectral density matrix of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model (EGSM) beam. We applied our analysis for the ABCD system with a single lens located on the propagation path, representing, in a particular case, the unfolded double-pass propagation scenario of active laser radar. Through a number of numerical examples we investigated the effect of local turbulence strength and lens' parameters on spectral, coherence and polarization properties of the EGSM beam. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America
Citation - WoS: 187
Citation - Scopus: 275
Adoption of E-Government Services in Turkey
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Arifoglu, Ali; Tokdemir, Gul; Pacin, Yudum; Kurfali, Murathan; 17411; 06.01. Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
This research aims to investigate underlying factors that play role in citizens' decision to use e-government services in Turkey. UTAUT model which was enriched by introducing Trust of internet and Trust of government factors is used in the study. The model is evaluated through a survey conducted with Turkish citizens who are from different regions of the country. A total of 529 answers collected through purposive sampling and the responses were evaluated with the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) technique. According to the results, Performance expectancy, Social influence, Facilitating conditions and Trust of Internet were found to have a positive effect on behavioral intention to use e-government services. Additionally, both Trust factors were found to have a positive influence on Performance expectancy of e-government services, a relation which, to our best knowledge, hasn't been tested before in e-government context. Effect of Effort expectancy and Trust of government were found insignificant on behavioral intention. We believe that the findings of this study will guide professionals and policy makers in improving and popularizing e-government services by revealing the citizen's priorities regarding e-government services in Turkey. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Airy-Type Relativistic Matter Wave
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2021) Umul, Yusuf Ziya; 4269; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
A new relativistic Airy-type matter wave is introduced as a solution of the kinetic energy based wave equation. The parametric solution of the related differential equation is obtained. The total energy and momentum of the relativistic particle are derived by using a Bohmian type of decomposition of the kinetic energy based equation. The acceleration of the particle is also evaluated. The behavior of the matter wave is investigated numerically.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 5
Almost Autonomous Training of Mixtures of Principal Component Analyzers
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2004) Musa, MEM; de Ridder, D; Duin, RPW; Atalay, V; 06.01. Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
In recent years, a number of mixtures of local PCA models have been proposed. Most of these models require the user to set the number of submodels (local models) in the mixture and the dimensionality of the submodels (i.e., number of PC's) as well. To make the model free of these parameters, we propose a greedy expectation-maximization algorithm to find a suboptimal number of submodels. For a given retained variance ratio, the proposed algorithm estimates for each submodel the dimensionality that retains this given variability ratio. We test the proposed method on two different classification problems: handwritten digit recognition and 2-class ionosphere data classification. The results show that the proposed method has a good performance. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 97
Citation - Scopus: 116
Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure With Enhanced Ammonia Removal
(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2008) Uludag-Demirer, S.; Demirer, G. N.; Frear, C.; Chen, S.; 45685; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 06.04. Endüstri Mühendisliği
Poor ammonia-nitrogen removal in methanogenic anaerobic reactors digesting animal manure has been reported as an important disadvantage of anaerobic digestion (AD) in several studies. Development of anaerobic processes that are capable of producing reduced ammonia-nitrogen levels in their effluent is one of the areas where further research must be pursued if AD technology is to be made more effective and economically advantageous. One approach to removing ammonia from anaerobically digested effluents is the forced precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4-6H(2)O), commonly called struvite. Struvite is a valuable plant nutrient source for nitrogen and phosphorus since it releases them slowly and has non-burning features because of its low solubility in water. This study investigated coupling AD and controlled struvite precipitation in the same reactor to minimize the nitrogen removal costs and possibly increase the performance of the AD by reducing the ammonia concentration which has an adverse effect oil anaerobic bacteria. The results indicated that Lip to 19% extra COD and almost 11% extra NH3 removals were achieved relative to a control by adding 1750 mg/L of MgCl2-6H(2)O to the anaerobic reactor. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - Scopus: 18
Analysis of Barriers To the Adoption of Circular Supply Chain Management: a Case Study in the Air Conditioning Industry
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Çıkmak, S.; Kesici, B.; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Circular supply chain management (CSCM) is a process used to design the supply chain by recycling, remanufacturing or refurbishing, repairing, and reusing products However, no study has been encountered in the literature that analyzes CSCM barriers in the air conditioning sector. Hence, this study is aimed to investigate the barriers to CSCM adoption in the air conditioning industry. A case study was conducted on a company operating in the global air conditioning sector. Initially, literature review and expert opinions have been used to identify essential barriers. Later, 6 main barriers and 21 sub-barriers were ranked using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method based on the interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The findings indicate that “Regulatory” is the most crucial, and “Operational” is the least important main barrier. The findings of the study would be useful for practitioners and policymakers to focus on the most prominent barriers in the air conditioning supply chains. © 2023 Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 10
Analysis of Exergy and Energy of Sugar Production Process in Sugar Plant
(Maney Publishing, 2010) Acir, A.; Altunok, T.; Baysal, E.; Kocyigit, E.; Sahin, H. M.; 40424; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 06.06. Makine Mühendisliği
In this paper, the energy and exergy analysis results of sugar production processes were presented by using operational system data from the Kayseri sugar plant, Turkey. All sugar production processes were thought as a steady state open thermodynamics system and employed the energy and exergy analyses, based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The best values of the energy and exergy efficiencies were obtained as 95.1% for the juice production process and 74.3% for the juice concentration process respectively. Moreover, the location of the energy degradation and the irreversibility were determined during the whole sugar production processes. Consequently, it has been pointed out that the energy and exergy efficiencies can be improved if the rates of the energy degradation and irreversibility in the sugar production processes are reduced.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Analysis of Quantum Radar Cross-Section by Canonical Quantization Method (Full Quantum Theory)
(Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers inc, 2020) Salmanogli, Ahmad; Gokcen, Dincer; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
This article investigates the difference between two quantum-based theories to calculate the radar cross-section (RCS). Quantum radar cross-section (QRCS) has been commonly analyzed using the dipole approximation method, and the related results show that it can improve the sidelobe of the interference pattern in contrast to the classical methods. This study, on the other hand, utilizes the canonical quantization (or microscopic) method, which is a more comprehensive theory than the dipole approximation method to calculate the radar cross-section. It is shown that there are some similarities between two methods; nonetheless, there are some crucial quantities and factors that have been ignored in the dipole approximation methods. The main difference arises due to the interaction Hamiltonian that two methods relied on. The theoretical calculation shows some critical points suggesting that the dipole approximation method cannot cover all aspects of the radar cross-section calculation. To verify the mentioned point, we establish a new method in which the radar cross-section is calculated by merging the quantum approach with the method of moment (MoM), called quantum-method of moment (QMoM). The simulation results show that the newly established method is in harmony with the canonical quantization method.
Citation - WoS: 183
Citation - Scopus: 193
Analysis of Reciprocity of Cos-Gaussian and Cosh-Gaussian Laser Beams in a Turbulent Atmosphere
(Optical Soc Amer, 2004) Eyyuboglu, HT; Baykal, Y; 7688; 7812; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
In a turbulent atmosphere, starting with a cos-Gaussian excitation at the source plane, the average intensity profile at the receiver plane is formulated. This average intensity profile is evaluated against the variations of link lengths, turbulence levels, two frequently used free-space optics wavelengths, and beam displacement parameters. We show that a cos-Gaussian beam, following a natural diffraction, is eventually transformed into a cosh-Gaussian beam. Combining our earlier results with the current findings, we conclude that cos-Gaussian and cosh-Gaussian beams act in a reciprocal manner after propagation in turbulence. The rates (paces) of conversion in the two directions are not the same. Although the conversion of cos-Gaussian beams to cosh-Gaussian beams can happen over a wide range of turbulence levels (low to moderate to high), the conversion of cosh-Gaussian beams to cos-Gaussian beams is pronounced under relatively stronger turbulence conditions. Source and propagation parameters that affect this reciprocity have been analyzed. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 17
An Analysis on the Relationship Between Safety Awareness and Safety Behaviors of Healthcare Professionals, Ankara/Turkey
(Oxford Univ Press, 2020) Uzuntarla, Fatma; Kucukali, Serhat; Uzuntarla, Yasin; 20413; 06.05. İnşaat Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Objectives: This descriptive study aims to examine the relationship between the safety awareness of healthcare professional and their safety behaviors. Methods: The study was carried out on 418 healthcare professionals working in a training and research hospital in Ankara/Turkey. The survey method was used as data collection tool. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections and 18 questions. First section consisted of questions on sociodemographic characteristics and, second section consisted of the awareness scale and third section consisted of safety behaviors scale. Results: The safety awareness and safety behaviors are scored on a scale from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). The safety awareness and safety behaviors has an average score of 3.85 +/- 0.81 and 3.56 +/- 0.82, respectively. The safety awareness and safety behavior levels of healthcare professionals were found to be high. Conclusion: A significant positive correlation was found between safety awareness and safety behaviors and it was concluded that the increase in safety awareness led to an increase in safety behavior.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 4
An Analytical Solution for the Plane Wave Diffraction by a Resistive Half-Plane Residing at the Interface of Left and Right Handed Media
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2019) Basdemir, Husnu Deniz; 20399; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The diffraction of waves by a resistive half-plane lying on the interface of left and right handed media is investigated in this study. Because of the anomalous refraction property of left handed media, shadow boundary shifts toward to the lower surface of the half-plane. In order to obtain the shifted boundary, diffracted waves are divided to subfields. Thus, obtained diffracted waves compensates the deficiency of geometries optics fields at the transition regions. The uniform version of waves is obtained by using the uniform theory of diffraction. The wave behaviors are examined numerically.
Citation - WoS: 14
Citation - Scopus: 18
Application of Bilstm-Crf Model With Different Embeddings for Product Name Extraction in Unstructured Turkish Text
(Springer London Ltd, 2024) Arslan, Serdar; 325411; 06.01. Bilgisayar Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
Named entity recognition (NER) plays a pivotal role in Natural Language Processing by identifying and classifying entities within textual data. While NER methodologies have seen significant advancements, driven by pretrained word embeddings and deep neural networks, the majority of these studies have focused on text with well-defined grammar and structure. A significant research gap exists concerning NER in informal or unstructured text, where traditional grammar rules and sentence structure are absent. This research addresses this crucial gap by focusing on the detection of product names within unstructured Turkish text. To accomplish this, we propose a deep learning-based NER model which combines a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) architecture with a Conditional Random Field (CRF) layer, further enhanced by FastText embeddings. To comprehensively evaluate and compare our model's performance, we explore different embedding approaches, including Word2Vec and Glove, in conjunction with the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory and Conditional Random Field (BiLSTM-CRF) model. Furthermore, we conduct comparisons against BERT to assess the efficacy of our approach. Our experimentation utilizes a Turkish e-commerce dataset gathered from the internet, where traditional grammatical and structural rules may not apply. The BiLSTM-CRF model with FastText embeddings achieved an F1 score value of 57.40%, a precision value of 55.78%, and a recall value of 59.12%. These results indicate promising performance in outperforming other baseline techniques. This research contributes to the field of NER by addressing the unique challenges posed by unstructured Turkish text and opens avenues for improved entity recognition in informal language settings, with potential applications across various domains.
Citation - WoS: 48
Citation - Scopus: 57
Application of Normal Wiggly Dual Hesitant Fuzzy Sets To Site Selection for Hydrogen Underground Storage
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Ramya, L.; Baleanu, Dumitru; Kureethara, Joseph Varghese; Annapoorani, V; Narayanamoorthy, Samayan; 56389; 02.02. Matematik; 02. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The hesitant fuzzy set is a mathematical tool to express multiple values in decision making. If they could not give a resolution, it is important to give priority and importance to a number of different values. Here, we propose normal wiggly dual hesitant fuzzy set (NWDHFS), as an extension of normal wiggly hesitant fuzzy set. We define a new score function of normal wiggly dual hesitant fuzzy information. The NWDHFS can express deep ideas of membership and non-membership information. In this work, we use hesitant fuzzy set to expose the deepest ideas hidden in the thought-level of the decision makers. We show that the NWDHFS can handle the hesitant fuzzy information. It expresses the deeper ideas of hesitant fuzzy set. An illustration is provided to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness to the application of site selection of the underground storage of hydrogen. We are compelled to look for alternating fuels to suits changing weather conditions and increasing number of vehicles. This alternative fuel is necessary to control global warming and to be economically viable. Based on this, hydrogen gas is selected as a good alternative fuel. The most important statement is the saving of the selected hydrogen gas. Thus, when saving hydrogen fuel, a safe storage space must be selected. Here, we use the MCDM ideas by use of proposed NWDHFV method is to select the appropriate hydrogen underground storage location. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 5
Application of the Complex Point Source Method To the Schrodinger Equation
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Umul, Yusuf Z.; 42699; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The paraxial wave equation is a reduced form of the Helmholtz equation. Its solutions can be directly obtained from the solutions of the Helmholtz equation by using the method of complex point source. We applied the same logic to quantum mechanics, because the Schrodinger equation is parabolic in nature as the paraxial wave equation. We defined a differential equation, which is analogous to the Helmholtz equation for quantum mechanics and derived the solutions of the Schrodinger equation by taking into account the solutions of this equation with the method of complex point source. The method is applied to the problem of diffraction of matter waves by a shutter. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Application of the Method of Transition Boundary To the Half-Planes With Mixed Boundary Conditions
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2020) Umul, Yusuf Ziya; 42699; 06.02. Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The scattering problems of waves by soft-hard and hard-soft half-planes are investigated by the method of transition boundary. The functional values at the transition boundaries are found to be identical to the ones for the soft and hard half-screens. It is shown that the factorization process should be applied by also taking into account the boundary conditions besides the principle of reciprocity. The exact diffracted field expressions are obtained for both of the half-planes.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 6
Array of Nanoparticles Coupling With Quantum-Dot: Lattice Plasmon Quantum Features
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Salmanogli, Ahmad; Gecim, H. Selcuk; 182579; 06.03. Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği; 06. Mühendislik Fakültesi; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
In this study, we analyze the interaction of lattice plasmon with quantum-dot in order to mainly examine the quantum features of the lattice plasmon containing the photonic/plasmonic properties. Despite optical properties of the localized plasmon, the lattice plasmon severely depends on the array geometry, which may influence its quantum features such as uncertainty and the second-order correlation function. To investigate this interaction, we consider a closed system containing an array of the plasmonic nanoparticles and quantum-dot. We analyze this system with full quantum theory by which the array electric far field is quantized and the strength coupling of the quantum-dot array is analytically calculated. Moreover, the system's dynamics are evaluated and studied via the Heisenberg-Langevin equations to attain the system optical modes. We also analytically examine the Purcell factor, which shows the effect of the lattice plasmon on the quantum-dot spontaneous emission. Finally, the lattice plasmon uncertainty and its time evolution of the second-order correlation function at different spatial points are examined. These parameters are dramatically affected by the retarded field effect of the array nanoparticles. We found a severe quantum fluctuation at points where the lattice plasmon occurs, suggesting that the lattice plasmon photons are correlated.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 7
Assessment of Improvement of the Iri Model for Fof2 Variability Over Three Latitudes in Different Hemispheres During Low and High Solar Activities
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Timocin, Erdinc; Temucin, Huseyin; Inyurt, Samed; Shah, Munawar; Jamjareegulgarn, Punyawi; 182651; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
This paper discusses the diurnal and seasonal variations of the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and the improvement of performance of the IRI-2016 model in predicting foF2 over three latitudes in different hemispheres during low and high solar activities. We extracted the foF2 data from six ionosonde stations which are Manila (14.7 degrees N, 121.1 degrees E), Yamagawa (31.2 degrees N, 130.6 degrees E), Yakutsk (62.0 degrees N,129.6 degrees E), Townsville (19.6 degrees S, 146.8 degrees E), Hobart (42.9 degrees S, 147.3 degrees E) and Terre Adelie (66.6 degrees S, 140.0 degrees E). The data of both low solar activity (LSA) period and high solar activity (HSA) periods were divided into three seasons as Northern Summer (May, June, July and August), Equinoxes (March, April, September and October) and Northern Winter (November, December, January and February). The present study showed that the IRI-2016 performance is strongly dependent on the solar activity, latitude, season, local time and hemisphere. For both hemispheres, the foF2 values at low latitude station are larger than those at middle latitude station, whereas the foF2 values at middle latitude station are larger than those at high latitude station. The agreement between IRI2016-modelled foF2 and foF2 measurements on all stations selected in the northern hemisphere is best for North Summer and worst for North Winter. For northern hemisphere, the values of relative deviations during both solar activities are largest in high latitudes and smallest in middle latitudes. As for southern hemisphere, the values of relative deviations during LSA are largest in middle latitudes and smallest in high latitudes, whereas the values of relative deviations during HSA are largest in low latitudes and smallest in high latitudes. It is thought that the relative deviations in the observed foF2 values are caused by solar activity that strongly alter chemical and electromagnetic processes in the ionosphere. These results are important for future improvements depending on solar activity and seasons in the IRI model for foF2 values over three latitudes in different hemispheres.
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 15
Assessment of the Effectiveness and the Initial Cost Efficiency of Hot Recycled Asphalt Using Polymer Modified Bitumen
(Elsevier, 2023) Almusawi, Ali; Shoman, Sarmad; Lupanov, Andrei P.; 01. Çankaya Üniversitesi
The drastic increase in environmental concerns and increasing costs of road construction materials necessitate evaluating some alternative solutions. One of the most suitable alternatives is recycling old asphalt pavement to produce reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The RAP materials have been commonly combined with asphalt mixtures during pavement construction. Incorporating RAP material should demonstrate an equivalent or better performance than conventional asphalt mixtures. Conversely, the inclusion of RAP mainly needs to improve performance compared to conventional asphalt mixtures. The key issue of using RAP is to restore the loss properties of aged materials and normally asphalt Agent Rejuvenator (ARA) was used. Also, adding polymers with RAP into the asphalt mixture becomes necessary to obtain the required performance. This study investigated the RAP effects of elastomeric polymer on the performance of the asphalt mixture following Russian standards (GOST). The impact of using PMB with RAP material on the asphalt mixture's performance was primarily considered by employing tests that can reveal the adhesion property. Additionally, the performance of the pavement was evaluated in terms of strength and low-temperature cracking. For this purpose, numerous test methods were implemented to appraise the asphalt performance, such as compressive strength, moisture susceptibility, shear resistance, tensile strength, porosity of the mineral particles, and residual porosity. The results indicated that the overall performance of the asphalt mixtures prepared with RAP and combined with polymer depicted a better performance. Moreover, the initial construction cost for each asphalt composition was estimated and compared. The utilization of PMB increased the cost of the asphalt mixture. However, such an increase in the cost would lead to an increase in the overall performance, especially for RAP mixtures.

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