Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü

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Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
A Comparative Study of Effects of Additive Particle Size and Content on Wetting Behavior and Brazing Performance of C/SiC Composite
(Springer, 2023) Saltik, Simge; Esen, Ziya; Esen, Ziya; Dericioglu, Arcan F.; 52373; Ortak Dersler Bölümü
This study has focused on the influence of size and content of SiC particle incorporation on the wetting behavior of the Ticusil brazing filler alloy and on its brazing performance in C/SiC composite/Ti6Al4V alloy joints. The effect of the size and content of additive SiC particles on the variation of molten brazing filler alloy contact angle was recorded at various brazing time and temperatures. Moreover, the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the additive containing C/SiC composite/Ti6Al4V alloy joints produced by the brazing method were investigated. The contact angles in both brazing filler alloys containing nano- and micro-sized SiC particles exhibited a sudden decrease with time during isothermal holding as observed in as-received brazing filler alloys. As the quantity of the SiC particles increased in the brazing alloy, the recorded contact angle values including the final, stable contact angle increased, while the time for the drastic contact angle change also increased remarkably. Compared to as-received counterparts, the addition of 2 wt.% nano-sized SiC and 1 wt.% micro-sized SiC particles improved the shear strength of the joints by 35 and 8%, respectively. Although the recorded contact angle values were close to each other in brazing alloys containing SiC particles with different sizes (37 and 42 degrees for 1 wt.% micro-sized and 2 wt.% nano-sized additions), higher increment was achieved in the mechanical performance of the joints with nano-sized SiC additive due to more homogeneous reinforcement effect of the nanoparticles. The results indicated that the optimum brazing filler alloy contact angle for the highest shear strength is similar to 40 degrees for both nano- and micron-sized additive containing Ticusil filler alloy.
Citation - WoS: 13
Citation - Scopus: 14
A Comparative Study of Multiple Regression and Machine Learning Techniques for Prediction of Nanofluid Heat Transfer
(Asme, 2022) Kocak, Eyup; Türkoğlu, Haşmet; Ayli, Ece; Turkoglu, Hasmet; 283455; 265836; 12941; Makine Mühendisliği
The aim of this article is to introduce and discuss prediction power of the multiple regression technique, artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) methods for predicting the forced convection heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent nanofluid flow in a pipe. Water and Al2O3 mixture is used as the nanofluid. Utilizing fluent software, numerical computations were performed with volume fraction ranging between 0.3% and 5%, particle diameter ranging between 20 and 140 nm, and Reynolds number ranging between 7000 and 21,000. Based on the computationally obtained results, a correlation is developed for the Nusselt number using the multiple regression method. Also, based on the computational fluid dynamics results, different ANN architectures with different number of neurons in the hidden layers and several training algorithms (Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian regularization, scaled conjugate gradient) are tested to find the best ANN architecture. In addition, ANFIS is also used to predict the Nusselt number. In the ANFIS, number of clusters, exponential factor, and membership function (MF) type are optimized. The results obtained from multiple regression correlation, ANN, and ANFIS were compared. According to the obtained results, ANFIS is a powerful tool with a R-2 of 0.9987 for predictions.
Citation - WoS: 23
Citation - Scopus: 32
A new algorithm for u-shaped two-sided assembly line balancing
(Canadian Science Publishing, 2010) Yegul, Mustafa Fatih; Yavuz, Mustafa; Agpak, Kursad; Yavuz, Mustafa; Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği
This study introduces a new hybrid design for a specific case-of assembly lines, and proposes a multi-pass random assignment algorithm to find the minimum number of stations required. The algorithm also finds the sequence and the schedule of the tasks assigned. The new design is a combination of two-sided lines and U-shaped lines, which benefits from the advantages of both designs at the same time. One side of the line is arranged in U-shape allowing stations with crossovers, and the other side of the line is balanced like a traditional straight flow. Depending on product direction, either Left or Right side of the line can be designed in U-shape. Small and large-sized two-sided assembly line test-bed problems were solved using the algorithm. Optimal results are achieved for all small-sized problems. Due to the novelty Of the design, results of large-sized problems are compared to findings of studies on simple two-sided balancing. Algorithm produced better results in most of the cases.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Analyses of plate perforation for various penetrator-target plate combinations
(Korean Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2022) Akyurek, Turgut; Akyürek, Turgut; Makine Mühendisliği
In this study, kinetics and kinematics of perforation process for various penetrator-target plate combinations is analyzed, a methodology in a flow chart format to decide on failure mode, and for each failure mode, an appropriate combined analytical model that requires only common test data is proposed. The proposed methodology and analytical models that are recommended for the related failure mode are assessed by using a huge amount of test data from the literature. The penetrator-target plate configurations cover the penetrators with ogive, conical, hemi-spherical and blunt noses, at different plate thicknesses, and plate thickness to penetrator diameter ratios, made of different metallic materials. Analyzed failure modes include ductile hole enlargement, plugging, dishing, and petal forming. Assessment is done for impact velocities ranging between 215-863 m/s. The estimations based on the proposed flow chart and recommended failure models are in good agreement with the related test data and numerical analysis results.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 7
Development and experimental investigation of electrochemical drilling method using rotary tube tool
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2013) Ozerkan, H. Bekir; Çoğun, Can; Cogun, Can; 132262; 3837; Mekatronik Mühendisliği
In this study, a new hybrid electrochemical drilling (ECD) method, based on electrochemical machining in nonconventional machining processes, was developed. In the developed method, tube tool makes rotary motion together with inner through hole flushing. A small scale prototype ECD machine has been designed and manufactured to test the developed method. One of the important features of the new system is the regulation of tool feed rate using current feedback control. The Hadfield (manganese) steel, whose strain hardening behavior makes it very difficult to machine with conventional methods, and AISI 1040 steel, whose machinability is fairly good, were drilled using the prototype machine and results were compared. Workpiece material removal rate increased with the increasing machining voltage, tool rotational speed, electrolyte concentration and flushing pressure in both types of steels. Average radial overcut values increased with the rotational speed of the tool. The AISI 1040 steel hole geometries were regular than that of Hadfield steel. Experimental results showed that deep holes can be drilled successfully with the proposed hybrid ECD method.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Dynamic analysis and design optimisation of a heavy military vehicle
(inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2021) Cicek, Burak Can; İder, Sıtkı Kemal; Acar, Bulent; Ider, S. Kemal; 108608; Makine Mühendisliği
This paper investigates the dynamic response of a heavy military vehicle which is subjected to a dynamic firing load while it is settled on its outriggers. Dynamic behaviour of a settled heavy military vehicle under a dynamic firing load is one of the major design factors of a launching vehicle. Two different finite element (FE) models are created in ANSYS software to obtain the dynamic behaviour of the launching vehicle. The first model is a detailed finite element model (DFEM) and the second model is a simple and less degree of freedom (DOF) parametric FE model which is created with the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) in order to perform the design optimisation by swiftly varying the parameters such as clamp attachment positions on the chassis, outrigger deployment and outrigger case cross section.
Citation - Scopus: 1
Effects of earthquake motion on mechanism operation: An experimental approach
(Levrotto and Bella, 2015) Selvi, Ö.; Selvi, Özgün; Ceccarelli, M.; Aytar, E.B.; 46949; Makine Mühendisliği
This paper presents an experimental characterization of the effects of earthquakes on the operation of mechanical systems with the help of CaPaMan (Cassino Parallel Manipulator), which is a 3 DOF robot that can fairly well simulate 3D earthquake motion. The sensitivity of operation characteristics of machinery to earthquake disturbance is identified and characterized through experimental tests. Experimental tests have been carried out by using a slider-crank linkage, a small car model, and LARM Hand as test-bed mechanisms that have been sensored with proper acceleration or force sensors. Results are reported and discussed to describe the effects of earthquake motion on the characteristics of mechanism operation as a service application of the robotic CaPaMan system.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Empirical and statistical modeling of heat loss from surface of a cement rotary kiln system
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2013) Simsek, Baris; Altunok, Taner; Simsek, Emir H.; Altunok, Taner; 220872; 8009; Makine Mühendisliği
In branches of industry too much energy consuming such as cement sector, controlled use of energy, only it is possible to know how energy is distributed in the system. In cement production process, a large portion of the heat losses which is due to energy consumption consist of convection and radiation heat losses from the surface of rotary kiln. In this study, empirical equation was derived for heat loss from surface of rotary kiln in a cement factory using empirical equations and statistical modeling techniques by the help of temperatures measured surface of rotary kiln. Measured with thermal cameras and the data necessary for experimental modeling was obtained the factory central control room. Total heat loss of system was calculated using Matlab. Statistical analysis related to results was carried out by Minitab 15.1.1 program. It was concluded that heat losses throughout rotary kiln increased toward the center of the kiln.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 2
Energy recovery using pumps as turbines in water supply systems: A case study
(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2022) Kocak, Eyup; Karaaslan, Salih; Andrade-Campos, A. Gil; Yucel, Nuri; 283455
An investigation was undertaken into energy recovery from water supply systems (WSSs) using pumps that can work in reverse as turbines. Napoli Est network in Italy was selected as a case study. To find the optimal locations for the installation of reversible pumps in the network, a methodology was developed and implemented using computer programming and hydraulic simulation software. A technical feasibility analysis was conducted to create different scenarios for implementation and a suitable pump was designed using computational fluid dynamics. Pump mode and reverse mode operation were simulated numerically and the performance was improved. Financial analysis showed that energy production in WSSs using pumps as turbines is a profitable alternative to traditional turbines and a renewable solution for the world's growing energy needs.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 6
Enhanced gradient crystal-plasticity study of size effects in a beta-titanium alloy
(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2017) Demiral, Murat; Demiral, Murat; Nowag, Kai; Roy, Anish; Ghisleni, Rudy; Michler, Johann; Silberschmidt, Vadim V.; Makine Mühendisliği
A calibrated model of enhanced strain-gradient crystal plasticity is proposed, which is shown to characterize adequate deformation behaviour of bcc single crystals of a beta-Ti alloy (Ti-15-3-3-3). In this model, in addition to strain gradients evolving in the course of deformation, incipient strain gradients, related to a component's surface-to-volume ratio, is accounted for. Predictive capabilities of the model in characterizing a size effect in an initial yield and a work-hardening rate in small-scale components is demonstrated. The characteristic length-scale, i.e. the component's dimensions below which the size effect is observed, was found to depend on densities of polar and statistical dislocations and interaction between them.
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 15
Fast fluorometric enumeration of E. coli using passive chip
(Elsevier, 2019) Çoğun, Ferah; Kasap, Esin Nagihan; Dogan, Uzeyir; Yıldırım, Ender; Cogun, Ferah; Yildirim, Ender; Boyaci, Ismail Haklu; Cetin, Demet; Ertas, Nusret; Makine Mühendisliği
In this report, a passive microfluidic chip design was developed for fast and sensitive fluorometric determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) based on sandwich immunoassay. Initially, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and chitosan modified mercaptopropionic acid capped cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) were functionalized with E.coli specific antibody to form a sandwich immunoassay with the E. coli. The magnetic separation and preconcentration of the E.coli from the sample solution was performed in the vial. Conjugation of QDs to the magnetically captured E. coli and washing were performed using a passive type of microchip. The microfluidic chip consists of four microchambers connected to each other by microchannels which act as capillary valves. Signal measurement was performed at the last chamber by using a hand-held spectrofluorometer equipped with a fiber optic reflection probe. The selectivity of the method was tested with Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), it was observed that these bacteria have no interference effect on E.coli determination. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the range of 10(1)-10(5) cfu/mL with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.99. The limit of detection was calculated as 5 cfu/mL. The method was successfully applied to spiked tap and lake water samples. The results suggest that the developed method is applicable for on-site E. coli detection and offers several advantages such as large dynamic range, high sensitivity, high selectivity and short analysis time.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Hybrid Force and Motion Control of a Three-Dimensional Flexible Robot Considering Measurement Noises
(Mdpi, 2022) Kilicaslan, Sinan; Ozgoren, Mustafa Kemal; Ider, Sitki Kemal; 108608
This work addresses the end-effector trajectory-tracking force and motion control of a three-dimensional three-link robot considering measurement noises. The last two links of the manipulator are considered as structurally flexible. An absolute coordinate approach is used while obtaining the dynamic equations to avoid complex dynamic equations. In this approach, each link is modeled as if there is no connection between the links. Then, joint connections are expressed as constraint equations. After that, these constraint equations are used in dynamic equations to decrease the number of equations. Then, the resulting dynamic equations are transformed into a form which is suitable for controller design. Furthermore, the dynamic equations are divided as pseudostatic equilibrium and deviation equations. The control torques resulting from the pseudostatic equilibrium and the elastic deflections are obtained easily as the solution of algebraic equations. On the other hand, the control torques corresponding to the deviations are obtained without any linearization. Encoders, strain gauges, position sensors and force and moment sensors are required for measurements. Low pass filters are considered for the sensors. For the crossover frequencies of the sensors, low and high values are chosen to observe the filtering effect on the robot output.
Citation - WoS: 4
Citation - Scopus: 4
Hybrid force and motion control of flexible joint parallel manipulators using inverse dynamics approach
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Korkmaz, Ozan; İder, Sıtkı Kemal; Ider, S. Kemal; 108608; Makine Mühendisliği
An inverse dynamics control algorithm is developed for hybrid motion and contact force trajectory tracking control of flexible joint parallel manipulators. First, an open-tree structure is considered by the disconnection of adequate number of unactuated joints. The loop closure constraint equations are then included. Elimination of the joint reaction forces and the other intermediate variables yield a fourth-order relation between the actuator torques and the end-effector position and contact force variables, showing that the control torques do not have an instantaneous effect on the end-effector contact forces and accelerations because of the flexibility. The proposed control law provides simultaneous and asymptotically stable control of the end-effector contact forces and the motion along the constraint surfaces by utilizing the feedback of positions and velocities of the actuated joints and rotors. A two degree of freedom planar parallel manipulator is considered as an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Citation - WoS: 34
Citation - Scopus: 40
Improvement of electric discharge machining (EDM) performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with added graphite powder to dielectric
(Assoc Mechanical Engineers Technicians Slovenia, 2015) Unses, Emre; Çoğun, Can; Cogun, Can; 3837; Mekatronik Mühendisliği
Ti-6Al-4V is a well-known Ti alloy widely used in the aerospace industry and belongs to the group of difficult-to-machine materials. It is less suitable for both conventional chip removal (machining) techniques and electric discharge machining (EDM). The very low material removal rate (MRR) of the Ti alloys during the EDM process causes prohibitively long machining durations. The goal of this study was to improve the EDM performance of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy by the addition of graphite powder into the kerosene dielectric liquid. The EDM performance was quantified by MRR, tool electrode wear rate (EWR), relative wear (RW), surface roughness and texture properties. The experiments conducted have shown that the use of graphite powder mixed with the kerosene dielectric (GPMKD) during machining considerably increases the MRR, improves the R-a and R-z(DIN) surface roughness and decreases the RW. 3D topographic views of the machined workpiece surfaces attained with GPMKD revealed uniformly distributed surface valleys and peaks over the surface and peaks with short arid round tops since the discharge energy of a spark is distributed over a large area at the machining gap. The experimental results strongly indicate the adaptability of the proposed technique to EDM die sinking and EDM drilling applications of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the aerospace industry. The ED machining performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using GPMKD is also compared to that of AISI 1040 steel, which is commonly used in EDM applications.
Citation - Scopus: 4
Micro-WEDM of Ni55.8Ti shape memory superalloy: Experimental investigation and optimisation
(Inderscience Publishers, 2021) Meshri, H.A.M.; Akar, Samet; Akar, S.; Seyedzavvar, M.; Kiliç, S.E.; 315516; Makine Mühendisliği
Nickel-titanium superalloy has gained significant acceptance for engineering applications as orthotropic implants, orthodontic devices, automatic actuators, etc. Considering the unique properties of these alloys, such as high hardness, toughness, strain hardening, and development of straininduced martensite, micro-wire electro-discharge machining (μ-WEDM) process has been accepted as one of the main options for cutting intricate shapes of these alloys in micro-scale. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study to address the material removal rate (MRR) and surface integrity of Ni55.8Ti shape memory superalloy (SMA) in the μ-WEDM process. The effects of discharge current, pulse on-time, pulse off-time, and servo voltage on the performance of this process, including MRR, white layer thickness, surface roughness, and micro-hardness of the machined surface, were investigated by multi-regression analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimisation of input parameters based on the gradient and the swarm optimisation algorithms were also conducted to maximise the MRR and minimise the white layer thickness, surface roughness, and micro-hardness of the machined samples. © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 3
Numerical analysis of a commercial display cabinet with air curtain
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2011) Caliskan, Sinan; Altunok, Taner; Altunok, Taner; Baskaya, Senol; Gungunes, H. Murat; Makine Mühendisliği
Maintaining food temperatures below critical values is the important maximising the high quality display life of chilled foods. Air curtains are especially used in stores and retailer supermarkets as barrier systems to seperate inner and outer spaces from each other. For both air quality and energy saving, it is crucial that the air transfer between these two spaces are at minimum. Minimization of air transfer between inner and outer spaces, not only decreases heat transfer but also stabilizes the humidity balance. In this study, numerical analysis of a commercial display cabinet has been carried out. For this purpose PHOENICS, a computational fluid dynamics code, is utilized. Optimum jet system conditions for each of the one jet, two jet and there jet systems has been modified according to temperature change of the air, and comparisons among them have been made. The results indicate that, the results the both CFD analysis and experimental results are almost equal and refrigeration systems with three jets is required to obtain the necessary temperature values to keep products fresh in display cabinets, especially because they can distribute temperature in a homogeneous way, meaning that the temperature value is the best ideal system at every point in the cabinet with three jets.
Citation - Scopus: 1
Numerical simulation and experimental investigation: Metal spinning process of stepped thin-walled cylindrical workpiece
(Murat Yakar, 2022) Seyedzavvar, M.; Akar, Samet; Seyedzavvar, M.; Akar, S.; Abbasi, H.; 315516; Makine Mühendisliği
Many equipment and devices utilized in the aerospace industry are formed as symmetric parts through high plastic deformation of high strength sheet metal alloys with low thickness. Considering the inherent advantages of the spinning process of simple tooling and concentrated deformation loading, this process can be considered as one of the main options in producing these thin-sectioned lightweight parts. In this study, a Finite Element (FE) model has been developed to simulate the formation of a stepped thin-walled cylindrical workpiece of AISI 316 stainless steel alloy by spinning process. The FE simulation results were employed to investigate the effects of process parameters, including feed rate of the roller and rotational velocity of the mandrel on the distribution of stress and strain in the sheet metal, wrinkling failure, and thinning of the sheet metal during deformation. Experiments were carried out using selective input parameters based on the results of FE simulations. The comparison between FE simulations and experiments revealed that the developed model could predict the thinning of the sheet metals with over 93 % accuracy. Additionally, a good agreement between the experimentally deformed sheet configurations with those resulting from finite element simulations has been observed. © Author(s) 2022.
Citation - WoS: 11
Citation - Scopus: 14
Numerical study on effects of computational domain length on flow field in standing wave thermoacoustic couple
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Yıldırım, Ender; Mergen, Suhan; Yildirim, Ender; Türkoğlu, Haşmet; Turkoglu, Hasmet; Makine Mühendisliği
For the analysis of thermoacoustic (TA) devices, computational methods are commonly used. In the computational studies found in the literature, the flow domain has been modelled differently by different researchers. A common approach in modelling the flow domain is to truncate the computational domain around the stack, instead of modelling the whole resonator to save computational time. However, where to truncate the domain is not clear. In this study, we have investigated how the simulation results are affected by the computational domain length (I-d) when the truncated domain approach is used. For this purpose, a standing wave TA couple which undergoes a refrigeration cycle was considered. The stack plate thickness was assumed to be zero and the simulations were performed for six different dimensionless domain length (I-d/lambda) varying between 0.029 and 0.180. Frequency and Mach number were taken as 100 Hz and 0.01, respectively, and kept constant for all the cases considered. The mean pressure and the pressure amplitude were taken as 10 kPa and 170 Pa, respectively (Drive ratio of 1.7%). Helium was considered as the working fluid. To assess the accuracy of the simulation results, the pressure distributions across the domain were compared with that of the standing wave. In addition to the pressure variation, the effects of the domain length on the phase delay of the pressure and velocity waves along the stack plate were also investigated. The results showed that with the increasing I-d/lambda. ratio, the simulated pressure distribution compares better with the standing wave pressure distribution. With the lowest I-d/lambda ratio (0.029) considered, the difference between the amplitudes of the computed pressure distribution and theoretical standing wave pressure distribution was approximately 50 Pa. However, as I-d/lambda value increases, the simulation results approach to the theoretical standing wave pressure distribution better. The computational results obtained with Id/lambda = 0.132 and 0.180, were almost identical with standing wave acoustic field. Hence, it was concluded that the domain length has a significant effect on the accuracy of the computational results when the truncated domain approach is used. It was also observed that for a given TA device and operating parameters, there is a minimum I-d/lambda value for obtaining reliable results.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 3
On the stability of inverse dynamics control of flexible-joint parallel manipulators in the presence of modeling error and disturbances
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2019) Ider, Sitki Kemal; İder, Sıtkı Kemal; Korkmaz, Ozan; Denizli, Mustafa Semih; 108608; Makine Mühendisliği
Inverse dynamics control is considered for flexible-joint parallel manipulators in order to obtain a good trajectory tracking performance in the case of modeling error and disturbances. It is known that, in the absence of modeling error and disturbance, inverse dynamics control leads to linear fourth-order error dynamics, which is asymptotically stable if the feedback gains are chosen to make the real part of the eigenvalues of the system negative. However, when there are modeling errors and disturbances, a linear time-varying error dynamics is obtained whose stability is not assured only by keeping the real parts of the frozen-time eigenvalues of the system negative. In this paper, the stability of such systems is investigated and it is proved that the linear time-varying system can be rendered stable by selecting the feedback gains such that the variation of the system becomes sufficiently slow. To illustrate the performance of the control method, deployment motion of a 3-(R) under bar PR planar parallel manipulator subject to impact is simulated. For the impact model, the impulse-momentum and the coefficient of restitution equations for the system are derived.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 4
Optımızatıon of Vortex Promoter Parameters to Enhance Heat Transfer Rate in Electronıc Equıpment
(Asme, 2020) Ayli, Ece; Bayer, Ozgur; 265836
In this paper, optimization of the location and the geometry of a vortex promoter located above in a finned surface in a channel with eight heat sources is investigated for a Reynolds number of 12,500 < Re < 27,700. Heat transfer rates and the corresponding Nusselt number distributions are studied both experimentally and numerically using different vortex promoter geometries (square, circular, and triangular) in different locations to illustrate the effect of vortex promoter on the fluid flow. Optimization study considered a range of following parameters: blockage ratio of 0.30<(y/C) < 0.45 and interpromoter distance ratio of 0.2277 <(x/L) < 0.3416. Results show that fins over which rectangular and circular promoters are integrated perform better in enhancing the heat transfer. According to the numerical and experimental results, higher blockage ratios cause significantly higher heat transfer coefficients. According to the observations, as the interpromoter distances increase, shedding gains strength, and more turbulence is created. All vortex promoters enhance heat transfer resulting in lower temperature values on the finned surface for different (y/C) and (x/L) values and Reynolds numbers. The use of promoters enhances the heat transfer, and the decrease in the maximum temperature values is recorded on the finned surface changing between 15% and 27%. The biggest decrease in maximum surface temperature value is 500 K-364 K and observed in circular promoter case with (y/C) = 0.43, (x/L) = 0.3416, and Reynolds numbers of 22,200.

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